Using data from a water-balance instrument cluster with spatially distributed sensors we determined the magnitude and within-catchment variability of components of the catchmentscale water balance, focusing on the relationship of seasonal evapotranspiration to changes in snowpack and soil moisture storage. Co-located, continuous snow depth and soil moisture measurements were deployed in a rain–...

I declare that this research report is my own unaided work. It is being submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science at the University of the Witwatersrand. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other university. Figure 1 Map showing the location of the study area. White areas represent privately owned land used for Figure 3: Long-term (198...

A rain field reconstruction and downscaling methodology is presented, which allows suitable integration of large scale rainfall information and rain-gauge measurements at the ground. The former data set is assumed to provide probabilistic indicators that are used to infer the parameters of the probability density function of the stochastic rain process at each pixel site. Rain-gauge measurement...

This study evaluated the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) forecast bias in different precipitation (light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain and very heavy rain) by comparing the ground-based observations in three countries. Then the correlations between GFS precipitation forecast errors and the aerosol loading are investigated extensively to examin...

[1] Warm rain occurs in low‐level liquid water clouds and does not involve an ice‐phase process. Comprising many state‐of‐the‐art passive and active instruments, the NASA A‐Train series of satellites provide comprehensive simultaneous information about warm clouds and their precipitation processes. This study exploits multi‐sensor data from the A‐Train satellite constellation to investigate the...

Microwave brightness temperatures are obtained from the SeaWinds scatterometer on the QuikSCAT satellite. These QuikSCAT Radiometer (QRad) measurements are used to infer instantaneous oceanic rain rates using a statistical retrieval algorithm that is based upon collocated TMI measurements. QRad instantaneous rain rate measurements have been binned in 0.5 hour local time windows onto a 0.5° x 0....

This paper describes two methods for generating synthetic rain rate time-series capable of being used to simulate the performance of radio communication systems operating above 10 GHz. Rain rates are modelled because they are widely available and because an approximate link to signal attenuation can be established owing to the significant correlation between them. The proposed models are based ...

Image deraining is a low-level restoration task that has become quite popular during the past decades. Although recent data-driven models exhibit promising results, most of these are trained on synthetic rain data sets which do not generalize well when applied to real images. While real-rain have achieved favorable generalization performance, generating rain-free ground-truths can be tedious an...

By definition, steady rain should have a nearly constant rainfall rate. Thus far, however, the criteria for determining when rain is steady remain qualitative and arbitrary. The authors suggest a definition for steadiness that can be used to quantify the elusive notion of natural variability. In particular, the logical criteria for steadiness imply statistical stationarity and lack of correlati...

The visual effects of rain are complex. Rain removal is a very useful technique in applications such as security surveillance, video editing, vision based navigation, and video indexing/retrieval. Rain produces sharp intensity variation in images and videos, which put down the performance of outdoor vision systems. These intensity variations depend on different parameters, such as the camera pr...