14 Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-secreted adipokine with beneficial effects on the 15 cardiovascular system. In this study, we evaluated a potential role for adiponectin in the 16 protective effects of anthocyanin on diabetes-related endothelial dysfunction. We treated 17 db/db mice on a normal diet with anthocyanin C3G (2 g/kg diet) for 8 weeks. 18 Endothelium-dependent and independent rela...

Introduction: Anthocyanin has cardio-protective roles, and anti-inflammatory effects. Exercise can play effective roles in this area. We assessed the effects of anthocyanin supplements on blood pressure and mean arterial pressure in combination with exercise. Methods: This randomized double-blind clinical trial conducted on 54 athletes. Participants in intervention group were taken 100 mg antho...

Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites that contribute to red, blue, and purple colors in plants and are affected by light, but the effects of low light on the physiological responses of purple pak-choi plant leaves are still unclear. In this study, purple pak-choi seedlings were exposed to low light by shading with white gauze and black shading in a phytotron. The responses in terms of photosy...

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) traditionally have been studied in plants and other organisms for their ability to detoxify chemically diverse herbicides and other toxic organic compounds. Anthocyanins are among the few endogenous substrates of plant GSTs that have been identified. The Bronze2 (Bz2) gene encodes a type III GST and performs the last genetically defined step of the maize anthoc...

The extensive genetic and molecular characterization of the flavonoid pathway's structural and regulatory genes has provided some of the most detailed knowledge of gene interactions in plants. In maize flavonoid biosynthesis, the A1 gene is independently regulated in the anthocyanin and phlobaphene pathways. Anthocyanin production requires the expression of the C1 or PI and R or B regulatory ge...

Two huckleberry species, Vaccinium membranaceum and Vaccinium ovatum, native to Pacific Northwestern North America, were evaluated for their total, and individual, anthocyanin and polyphenolic compositions. Vaccinium ovatum had greater total anthocyanin (ACY), total phenolics (TP), oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) than did V. membranaceu...

the accumulation and composition of berry anthocyanin was measured in vitis vinifera l. cv. yatomi rosa using various light qualities provided by polyethylene films (red, orange, green, blue, and white). the anthocyanin has been enhanced significantly by blue light filter film and suppressed by red, orange, and green films compared to white film (control), which suggests that yatomi rosa has ad...

A field-portable tool for nondestructive foliar anthocyanin content estimation would be beneficial to researchers in many areas of plant science. An existing commercial chlorophyll content meter was modified to measure an index of anthocyanin content. The ability of the experimental anthocyanin meter (ACM) to estimate total extractable anthocyanin content was tested in sugar maple (Acer sacchar...

The optical properties of leaves from five species, Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), cotoneaster (Cotoneaster alaunica Golite), hazel (Corylus avellana L.), Siberian dogwood (Cornus alba L.), and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.), differing in pigment composition and at different stages of ontogenesis, were studied. Anthocyanin absorption maxima in vivo, as estimate...

Flowering peach Prunus persica cv. Genpei bears pink and variegated flowers on a single tree. The structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were expressed strongly in pink petals but only very weakly or not at all in variegated petals. A cDNA clone encoding a MYB-like gene, isolated from pink petals was strongly expressed only in pink petals. Introduction of this gene, via biolistic...