Central anticholinergic syndrome is defined as an abDiagnosis rests on clinical features, exclusion of other conditions, and a positive response to a solute or relative reduction in cholinergic activity in centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitor, usually the central nervous system [1]. In anaesthetic practice physostigmine [1]. the syndrome was originally described in connection The incidence...

BACKGROUND The parasympathetic nervous system contributes to the pathophysiology of multiple forms of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system leads to glandular activation, which produces watery secretions. In excess, these secretions discharge from the anterior Nares and produce the symptom of watery anterior rhinorrhea. METHOD Review of literatur...

AA cascade in AD’ or ‘progression of AD by its own mechanism’. Although there are AA-inducing factors other than downregulation of ACh (e.g. drugs, febrile illness or mental stress), upregulation of ACh is possible if the ACh system is not depressed or overloaded. Thus, upregulation of the ACh system can inhibit AA even in the presence of other factors ( fig. 1 ). The appearance of AA would the...