the toxicity of thiamethoxam and pirimicarb on diaeretiella rapae (mc'intosh) as a parasitoid of lipaphis erysimi (kaltenbach), exposed to residues on glass vials, was investigated under laboratory conditions at 23 ± 2 °c, 70 ± 5% rh and 16:8 h (l: d). moreover, in order to find the negative impacts of both insecticides on the efficiency of d. rapae, the functional response of the exposed paras...

Facultative endosymbionts can induce benefits and costs to their aphid hosts. In the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), infection with ?-proteobacterium Hamiltonella defensa Moran et al. confer resistance against parasitoids, but may also reduce frequency of aggressive escape behaviours exhibited in response predators. potato aphids, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) ...

cotton aphid, aphis frangulae gossypii glover, is a major pest of cucumber in iran. one of the important parasitoids playing role in population control of this pest in the fields and greenhouses is lysiphlebus fabarum marshall. in this study, we investigated sensitivity of different instars of cotton aphids and pupal stage of l. fabarum to field recommended and half-recommended concentration of...