TRADITIONALLY, SOFTWARE architects were entrusted with making “decisions that are costly to change.”1 Because these decisions often had to be made early in the project, architects drew on their experience and ability to abstract to get them right. Repeated project cost and timeline overruns have demonstrated, though, that trying to plan all features and decide the system structure early in a pr...

In this paper we introduce a content-oriented scheme for protocol studies of designers and demonstrate its benefit for CAAD research. The structure of the coding scheme is described. We discuss how this method can benefit CAAD research and its differences from the process-oriented method used previously. With this method we analyze data to describe the design process as the combination of senso...

In this position paper, we advocate the use of verification technology to tackle the virtual integration problem for cyber-physical systems. In particular, we advocate the use of high-level modeling languages that allow designers to declaratively specify what properties their architectural models should have, not how to achieve them. We further advocate the use of verification technology to ana...

Business-to-business information technology systems (B2B technologies) are becoming increasingly important in B2B markets. Utilizing the concept of modularity, this paper clarifies the strategic implications of B2B technology and develops a theoretical structure to explain these outcomes. Five firms are studied in detail: Eastman Chemical, Cemex, Li & Fung, Agribuys and Dell. Our findings point...

Middleware has emerged as an important architectural component in modern distributed systems. However, it is now recognised that established middleware platforms such as CORBA and DCOM are not flexible enough to meet the needs of the emerging distributed applications, featuring for example access to multimedia services and also support for mobile users. Rather, we argue that next generation mid...

Wireless, handheld devices are becoming increasingly popular in health care settings, but the full potential of their role in patient-specific decision support remains to be achieved. This article presents a multicriteria framework for choosing technologies apropos to handheld and ubiquitous decision support architecture. This framework is illustrated through architectural middleware choices ma...

This paper will discuss the future use of the dwelling as a place for cooperative work. It is our opinion that the development of the communication technologies and the architectural design has to be treated in parallel when we discuss new forms of living and work habits. Our analysis is built on a theoretical framework that is reflected through earlier experiences in IT technology in domestic ...

In this paper we discuss observations and lessons learned in conducting architectural design projects in virtual worlds. By integrating a community of users in virtual worlds into a collaborative architectural design process, organisations can tap the community’s creativity and intelligence through immersive technology. The paper provides an overview of the latest advances of information and co...

This chapter introduces context-driven personalisation of service provision based on a middleware architectural approach. It describes the emerging environment on service provision, outlining the increasing requirements for personalisation as well as the state-of-the-art approaches in personalisation. A novel information space is presented to introduce the middleware architectures for personali...

790. Repealed. 791. Employment of individuals with disabilities. 792. Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board. 793. Employment under Federal contracts. 794. Nondiscrimination under Federal grants and programs. 794a. Remedies and attorney fees. 794b. Removal of architectural, transportation, or communication barriers; technical and financial assistance; compensation of experts...