Observers presented with pairs of figures differing in area (SIZE) or aspect ratio (SHAPE) spontaneously make use of both height and width differences. whether or not they are forced to do so by between-interval jittering or even instructed to do so. SHAPE discrimination is considerably better than SIZE discrimination. The superiority of SHAPE discrimination is probably due to partial correlati...

Shear induced alignment of elongated particles is studied experimentally and numerically. We show that shear alignment of ensembles of macroscopic particles is comparable even on a quantitative level to simple molecular systems, despite the completely different types of particle interactions. We demonstrate that for dry elongated grains the preferred orientation forms a small angle with the str...

The influence of the multiscale fracture roughness on the heat exchange when a cold fluid enters a fractured hot solid is studied numerically on the basis of the Stokes equation and in the limit of both hydrolubrication and thermolubrication. The geometrical complexity of the fracture aperture is modeled by small self-affine perturbations added to a uniform aperture field. Thermal and hydraulic...

We introduce a new particle shape which shows preferential rotation in three dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence. We call these particles chiral dipoles because they consist of a rod with two helices of opposite handedness, one at each end. 3D printing is used to fabricate these particles with a length in the inertial range and their rotations are tracked in a turbulent flow between os...

The relations among the resistivity, elastic-wave velocity, porosity, and permeability in Fontainebleau sandstone samples from the Ile de France region, around Paris, France were experimentally revisited. These samples followed a permeability-porosity relation given by Kozeny-Carman’s equation. For the resistivity measurements, the samples were partially saturated with brine. Archie’s equation ...

The morphological properties of kaolin flocs were investigated in a Couette-flow experiment at the steady state under seven shear flow conditions (shear rates of 5.36, 9.17, 14, 24, 31, 41 and 53 s−1). These properties include a one-dimensional (1-D) fractal dimension (D1), a two-dimensional (2-D) fractal dimension (D2), a perimeter-based fractal dimension (Dpf) and an aspect ratio (AR). They w...

Phase functions have been calculated using the Monte Carlo/geometric ray tracing method for single hexagonal pyramidal ice crystals (such as solid and hollow bullets) randomly oriented in space and horizontal plane, in order to study the concentric halo formations. Results from three dimensional model calculations show that 9° halo can be as bright as the common 22° halo for pyramidal angle of ...

Particle orbits and the Rosenbluth-Hinton residual zonal flow are evaluated for the case of a strong equilibrium radial electric field ( ) / r E d d φ ψ ψ = − ∇ as observed in a tokamak pedestal. The ordering used is p i ~ / r E B v c where p B is the poloidal field and i v is the ion thermal speed. The earlier calculations of Kagan and Catto for this regime [Kagan G and Catto P J 2009 Phys. Pl...

The popularity of steel bridges is increasing in the modern era because of its unmatchable advantages. Engineers are using various national codes to achieve an optimum design. Some of the Asian countries are using their own codes and also American and other country code provisions to achieve better economy and better standards. In this regard the comparison of design codes is relevant. Comparis...

Surface velocity patterns and upper ocean density profiles are presented from a period following a sudden increase in wind. A prior wind speed of 8 m/s failed to produce visible signs of Langmuir circulation. After the wind speed increased to 13 m/s, Langmuir circulation developed within 15 min. The initial scale observed was about 16 m, streak to streak, and may have been restricted by the dep...