A simple method for atomic force microscopy (AFM) of nematode cuticle was developed to visualize the external topography of Helicotylenchus lobus, Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita, and Xiphinema diversicaudatum. Endospores of two isolates of the nematode parasite, Pasteuria penetrans, adhering to M. incognita and X. diversicaudatum were also visualized and measured by this technique. Scanning...

The surfaces of four strains of Staphylococcus aureus, which differed in their expression of capsular polysaccharides, were examined using atomic force microscopy. The images show that it is possible to get information about surface characteristics of S. aureus using atomic force microscopy (AFM) following simple preparation. Strains Smith Diffuse (serotype 2), Reynolds (serotype 5), Wood-46 (c...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a specialised form of scanning probe microscopy, which was invented by Binnig and colleagues in 1986. Since then, AFM has been increasingly used to study biomedical problems. Because of its high resolution, AFM has been used to examine the topography or shape of surfaces, such as during the molecular imaging of proteins. This, combined with the ability to operat...

A novel calibration technique has been developed for lateral force microscopy (LFM). Typically, special preparation of the atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever or a substrate is required for LFM calibration. The new calibration technique reported in this paper greatly reduces the required preparation processes by simply scanning over a rigid step and measuring the response of the AFM photod...

The incidence of caries has declined; however, other dental lesions such as tooth wear are becoming increasingly important. Dental wear is a multifactorial process that may encompass erosion, abrasion, and combinations thereof. Therefore, various methodologies have been applied to evaluate the loss of dental hard tissue and the surface-softened zone in enamel induced by abrasive and erosive cha...