KI-67 is a marker for cell proliferation which binds a nuclear antigen and is thus a prime antibody in immunohistochemistry. Scoring methodologies derived from KI-67 immunostaining have shown promise as predictors of lethality in a range of cancers [1]. The most common scoring method is the labelling index, a ratio of KI-67 positive cells to the entire population [1]. Manual calculation of a la...

Introduction In recent decades, large-scale English language proficiency testing and testing research have seen an increased interest in constructed-response essay-writing items (Aschbacher, 1991; Powers, Burstein, Chodorow, Fowles, & Kukich, 2001; Weigle, 2002). The TOEFL iBT, for example, includes two constructed-response writing tasks, one of which is an integrative task requiring the test-t...

This paper reports on the fi rst stage of a research project which ultimately aims to automatically score performance on an Elicited Imitation (EI) test. In a standard EI test, the second language (L2) learner hears and then imitates sentences of varying diffi culty. As the length or complexity of items increases, learners fi nd it more diffi cult to imitate and the kinds of errors they make re...

The clinical assessment of speech discrimination by professional audiologists is resource intensive. Yet discrepancies in language or dialect between the test subject and the audiologist may cause a significant bias in the test result. To address these issues, a speech audiometric test (SAT) has been designed to be language/dialect independent and to allow automated scoring by means of an MFCC-...

Empirical scoring is the most common ranking method in automated reasoning systems competitions. Statistical testing can be used to validate the results of scoring, since the null hypothesis of equal performances is tested against the alternative hypothesis of signi cant di erence in performances using a precise mathematical formulation. This paper evaluates the merits of statistical testing as...

Automated essay scoring is one of the most important educational applications of natural language processing. Recently, researchers have begun exploring methods of scoring essays with respect to particular dimensions of quality such as coherence, technical errors, and relevance to prompt, but there is relatively little work on modeling organization. We present a new annotated corpus and propose...

Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is an automated, statistical technique for comparing the semantic similarity of words or documents. In this paper, I examine the application of LSA to automated essay scoring. I compare LSA methods to earlier statistical methods for assessing essay quality, and critically review contemporary essay-scoring systems built on LSA, including the Intelligent Essay Asses...

Automated essay scoring with latent semantic analysis (LSA) has recently been subject to increasing interest. Although previous authors have achieved grade ranges similar to those awarded by humans, it is still not clear which and how parameters improve or decrease the effectiveness of LSA. This paper presents an analysis of the effects of these parameters, such as text preprocessing, weighting...