Solar wind electrons play an important role in the energy balance of solar acceleration by carrying into interplanetary space form electron heat flux. The flux is stored complex velocity distribution functions (VDFs) shaped expansion, Coulomb collisions, and field-particle interactions. We investigate how suprathermal deficit anti-strahl direction, which was recently discovered near-Sun wind, d...

Introduction: Wedge filters are used in radiotherapy to modify photon beam and improve dose uniformity in the target volume. Determination of wedge dose distribution is important to improve treatment planning accuracy. The utilization of treatment planning software to obtain dose distribution is not always available. In this work an analytical model has been developed to calcu...

PURPOSE To evaluate scanning parameters (conventional versus spiral CT, section thickness, and pitch) and vessel orientation in the performance of CT angiography. METHODS Conventional CT and 1.0-, 1.5-, and 2.0-pitch spiral CT acquisitions of a carotid phantom designed with vessels oriented parallel to the z-axis, 45 degrees oblique, and perpendicular to the z-axis were obtained with section ...

The optical disector is among the most efficient cell counting methods, but its accuracy depends on an undistorted particle distribution in the z-axis of tissue sections. Because the optical disector samples particle densities exclusively in the center of sections, it is essential for unbiased estimates of particle numbers that differential shrinkage or compression (and resulting differences in...

A coordinate frame in an n-dimensional space is defined by n mutually orthogonal unit vectors. In particular, for a two-dimensional (2D) space, i.e., n = 2, a coordinate frame is defined by an X axis and a Y axis with these two axes being orthogonal to each other. The intersection between the X axis and the Y axis is the origin of the coordinate frame. For a three-dimensional (3D) space, i.e., ...

For ultra-precision, large stroke, and high start/stop acceleration, a novel magnetic suspension platform with three types of bearings is proposed. The structure working principle the are introduced. passive used to compensate for weight actuator. repulsive force bearing model established analyzed. Lorentz force-type provide driving rotational torque in XY-plane. established. electromagnetic Z-...

When a symmetric top is set spinning with angular velocity ω c about its own axis, it traces out a circle about a vertical direction with angular velocity ω z , as shown in Fig. 1. In most textbooks [1, 2, 3] the precessional angular velocity ω z is calculated under the assumption that it is much smaller than the spin angular velocity ω c . This makes for a simplification of the calculation by ...

In 4 experiments, the authors investigated spatial updating in a familiar environment. Participants learned locations of objects in a room, walked to the center, and turned to appropriate facing directions before making judgments of relative direction (e.g., "Imagine you are standing at X and facing Y. Point to Z.") or egocentric pointing judgments (e.g., "You are facing Y. Point to Z."). Exper...

As the Parker Solar Probe explores new regions of inner heliosphere, it travels ever deeper into electric potential Sun. In near-Sun environment, a feature electron distribution emerges, in form deficit sunward suprathermal population. The lower boundary this forms cutoff phase space, at an energy determined by drop between observation point and outer heliosphere. We explore characteristics ass...