Advocacy of ‘methodological individualism’ is a widespread, especially among economists. However, the term is rarely defined with adequate precision and some crucial ambiguities are explored in this article. Among these is the commonplace ambivalence over whether explanations should be in terms of individuals alone, or in terms of individuals plus relations between them. It is shown that a grea...

OBJECTIVE Basilar arterial (BA) dolichoectasia is associated with cerebral small-vessel disease and stroke. However, the association between moderate dilation of the BA and cerebral small-vessel disease or subsequent cardiovascular events remains unclear. This study aims to clarify the factors related to BA diameter and to clarify whether the BA diameter is an independent predictor of cardiovas...

Aim of the study Assessment of the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)3, CD4, and CD8 T cells in biliary atresia (BA) cases in comparison to neonatal cholestasis other than BA. Material and methods This study included 79 patients: 34 patients with BA (BA group) and 35 patients with neonatal cholestasis due to causes other than BA (cholestasis group), and 10 normal liver donor as a c...

By Gelfand-Neumark duality, the category C∗Alg of commutative C∗algebras is dually equivalent to the category of compact Hausdorff spaces, which by Stone duality, is also dually equivalent to the category uba` of uniformly complete bounded Archimedean `-algebras. Consequently, C∗Alg is equivalent to uba`, and this equivalence can be described through complexification. In this article we study u...

Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibro-inflammatory disorder that is the leading indication for liver transplantation in children. Although there is evidence implicating genetic, infectious, environmental, and inflammatory causes, the etiology of BA remains unknown. We have recently reported that cholangiocytes from BA patients showed decreased DNA methylation relative to disease- and non-...

The movement and interaction of multiple ions passing through in single file underlie various fundamental K(+) channel properties, from the effective conduction of K(+) ions to channel blockade by Ba(2+) ions. In this study, we used single-channel electrophysiology and x-ray crystallography to probe the interactions of Ba(2+) with permeant ions within the ion conduction pathway of the MthK K(+)...

Byzantine Agreement (BA) among n players allows the players to agree on a value, even when up to t of the players are faulty. In the broadcast variant of BA, one dedicated player holds a message, and all players shall learn this message. In the consensus variant of BA, every player holds (presumably the same) message, and the players shall agree on this message. BA is the probably most importan...

Is there a single executive process or are there multiple executive processes that work together towards the same goal in some task? In these experiments, we use counter switching and response inhibition tasks to examine the neural underpinnings of two cognitive processes that have often been identified as potential executive processes: the switching of attention between tasks, and the resoluti...