This paper describes an adaptive multicast mechanism for ad hoc networks. The multicast mechanism adopts a two-tier architecture with an adaptive backbone infrastructure to integrate the effectiveness of the flooding scheme and the efficiency of the tree-based scheme for different network conditions. Coverage of a backbone node is not limited to a single hop, but is automatically adjusted accor...

Message efficiency is a prime concern in wireless computing because the nodes are resource constrained, failure prone, and sometimes mobile too. Over the years, the backbone construction has emerged as a powerful approach to achieve message efficiency and handle mobility in ad hoc wireless networks. In the existing literature, most popular techniques for virtual backbone formation are connected...

a fragment of histidine rich protein ii (hrp ii 215-236) was investigated by 14n and 17o electric field gradient, efg, tensor calculations using dft. this study is intended to explore the differences between 310-helix and α-helix of hrpii both in the gas phase and in solution. to achieve the aims, the 17o and 14n nqr parameters of a fragment of hrpii (215-236) for both structures are calculated...

A backbone is a subset of sensors that is sufficient for performing assigned tasks. The exact definition depends on the task or the particular desirable properties of a backbone. We discuss two specific kinds of backbones, neighbor and area dominating sets, that we believe are the essential and perhaps only backbones required for sensor networks. A sensor is covered by a backbone if it is in th...

Bipartite projections have become a common way to measure spatial networks. They are now used in many subfields of geography, and among the most ways world city network, where intercity links inferred from firm co-location patterns. attractive because network can be indirectly readily available data. However, bipartite difficult analyze these networks weighted, larger weights do not necessarily...

RNA three-dimensional structure prediction has been relied on using a predicted or experimentally determined secondary as restraint to reduce the conformational sampling space. However, secondary-structure restraints are limited paired bases, and space of ribose-phosphate backbone is still too large be sampled efficiently. Here, we employed dilated convolutional neural network predict torsion p...

This chapter aims to report on the performance of voice and video traffic over two popular backbone network technologies, namely Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). ATM networks are being used by many universities and organizations for their unique characteristics such as scalability and guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS), especially for voice and video applications. G...