A scientific, economic relationship among self, society and nation is still not clearly known in philosophy, sociology and economics because of lack of concrete historical human data that would enable to substantiate it. Humanity experienced many conflicting economic and political systems. Consequently, philosophers, sociologists and economists have been investigating to study the economic rela...

Islam has universal teachings, namely human values. Ali Shari'ati is one of the Islamic revolutionary thinkers who paid attention to humanism. According him, humanism a school philosophy that views groups aim achieve perfection in humans. emphasized humans are creatures have various values given by God. Humans most unique nature, because were created God as noblest creatures, their own freedom,...

Alexis de Tocqueville’s notion of political and civic association is a recurrent theme in his work Democracy in America. There he argues that associations are a necessary correlational feature of democratization that should be promoted “at the same speed as the spread of the equality of social conditions” (600). This is because they correct the natural defects of democracy in that they (i) prot...

Political theory from its very onset has determined that democracy is inconceivable without a crisis. This applies to the ancient writings of Plato, Aristotle, Polybios to the modern era with writings of Tocqueville, Marx and Max Weber or since the 1970s the leftists Jürgen Habermas (1973) and Claus Offe (1972), the conservative Crozier, Huntington, Watanuki (1975), the leftist NeoSchmittian Ch...

■ Abstract In this essay, I review recent research on the effects of economic development on democracy. On the theoretical side, for the first time there has been a systematic attempt to bring the types of formal models developed by economists and political scientists outside of comparative politics to bear on the origins of democracy. I present a simple analytical framework that captures some ...

........................................................................................................ 3 1. What is democracy? Short review of conceptual definitions.................... 4 2. The empirical spreading of democracy in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: The need for distinguishing between different qualities of democracy ........................................................

Nora Sandu1,2, Fatemeh Momen-Heravi3, Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari4, Ali Arvantaj5 and Bernhard Schaller2 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Paris 7, Paris, 3Craniomaxillofacial Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 4Dental Section, Farzan Clinical Research Institute, Tehran, 5Department of Neuro...

İranlı aydın Ali Şeriati, çözümlemeye çalıştığı meselelerin büyük bir kısmında diyalektik yaklaşımı esas almıştır. Şeriati’ye dair yapılmış çalışmalara bakıldığında onun anlayışını doğrudan ele alan çalışmaların olmadığı görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, literatürdeki eksikliği gidermeye yönelik katkıda bulunmak amacıyla Şeriati’nin anlayışına odaklanmaktadır. Metinde öncelikle yöntemin ne...

the concepts of democracy have been around for centuries in different fields of human sciences. however, in most of these fields the idealistic and far-fetched features attributed to democracy have not been manipulated yet. it should be mentioned that there have been only a few serious attempts to find proper go-between elements, which could make such a concept as comprehensible and tangible as...

ali shariati was undoubtedly among the most important of the prerevolutionary islamist thinker particularly insofar as he made islam a politically respectable force for many young men and women in iran's traditional middle classes. shariati was novel for the time in terms of his education and intellectual influences. the clear attraction of ideology for shariati is that he believes by means of ...