The purpose of this study is to experimentally determine the differences between four grazing treatments on the trampling of nests. Additionally, we examine to what extent the trampling probability of nests is higher close to a source of fresh water. We compare the trampling of artificial nests in five different grazing treatments in an experimental design. We use buried clay pigeon targets as ...

Propolis mainly comprises of resins, waxes, essential oils, pollens, and impurities collected from various parts plants such as leaf buds, mucilage, gums, lattices. Stingless bees had been noted to produce higher amount propolis than honey since they use build their nests, which makes them valuable economical. However, very little is known about the properties stingless bee compared bees’. Ther...

Arrhenotoky is the typical mode of reproduction in Hymenoptera. Diploid females develop from fertilized eggs, whereas haploid males originate unfertilized eggs. However, some taxa Hymenoptera have evolved thelytoky, which diploid parthenogenetically In contrast to other hymenopteran lineages, like ants and parasitic wasps, thelytoky generally very rare bees. Here, we evaluated frequency small c...

Bees play a fundamental role in the ecological balance of ecosystems, due to pollination process they carry out on crops, including production honey. However, mortality bees is significant concern; bee can occur for several reasons, such as pesticides, mites, viruses, climate change, pathogens and reduction food resources nests. The honey (Apis mellifera) most widely used commercial production....

Three species of ground-nesting birds of the shortgrass prairie demonstrate contrasting strategies in nest placement: nests of Lark Buntings (Calamospiza melanocorys) are situated beneath shrubs or bunch grasses, whereas nests of McCown’s Longspurs (Calcarius mccownii) and Homed Larks (Eremophila alpestris) are associated with sparse cover and are relatively exposed. Nests of these species exhi...

Artificial nests have been used to study factors affecting nest success because researchers can manipulate them more than natural bird nests. Many researchers have questioned the validity of generalizing the results from artificial nests onto naturally occurring nests. Other studies have assessed the validity of artificial nest studies by simultaneously comparing overall depredation or daily su...

A8s~~nc~.-From May through July, 1993-1998 and 2001, effects of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism on 36 Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus) nests were documented in southwest Colorado. Overall parasitism was 75.0% and was the major source of nest failure. Among vireo nests that were not depredated, a significantly lower proportion of parasitized nests (10.2%) than nonparasitized nests ...

Background: Due to its nutrient content, a variety of spoilage microorganisms can grow in bee pollen, especially when handling practices are not appropriate. So, this survey was designed to assess the physicochemical and microbiological properties of bee pollen collected from Bulgaria. Methods: In June 2014, 13 fresh and 19 dried bee pollen samples were collected from Bulgaria. Water activity ...