this paper, in its first part, analyzes the status and history of the principle of “maximization of the good” and the different meanings of “maximization” and “good.” after explaining and analyzing this principle and its different interpretations, in the first part, this paper, in its second part, categorizes rawls’s criticisms on it, step by step, by extracting and mentioning their premises. i...

This essay examines the relationship between the precautionary principle and uncertainty factors used by toxicologists to estimate acceptable exposure levels for toxic chemicals from animal experiments. It shows that the adoption of uncertainty factors in the United States in the 1950s can be understood by reference to the precautionary principle, but not by cost-benefit analysis because of a l...

one of the most functional reasons in the methodology of islamic principles and jurisprudence as well as law is istiṣḥāb (presumption of continuity). istiṣḥāb is judgment on the continuity of what has existed in the past. most of the legal theoreticians, after waḥīd bihbahānī, believe that istiṣḥāb is a practical principle; however, further research into the evidences for the validity of istiṣḥ...

The paper extends author’s previous works on a probability/possibility transformation based on a maximum specificity principle to the case of the sum of two identical unimodal symmetric random variables. This transformation requires the knowledge of the dependency relationship between the two added variables. In fact, the comonotone case is closely related to the Zadeh’s extension principle. It...

One of the main principles of the passive defense is the principle of site selection. In this paper, we propose a multiple objective nonlinear programming model that considers the principle of the site selection in terms of two qualitative and quantitative aspects. The purpose of the proposed model is selection of the place of facilities of a system in which not only it observes the dispersion ...