CD8+ T cells play an important role in the host response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb resides in an arrested phagosome that is phenotypically similar to an early endosome. The mechanisms by which Mtb-derived Ags gain access to the HLA-I-processing pathway are incompletely characterized. Studies with CD8+ T cell lines have suggested that Mtb Ags gain access to the HLA-...

Constitutive endocytic recycling is a crucial mechanism allowing regulation of the activity of proteins at the plasma membrane and for rapid changes in their localization, as demonstrated in plants for PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins, the auxin transporters. To identify novel molecular components of endocytic recycling, mainly exocytosis, we designed a PIN1-green fluorescent protein fluorescence imag...

A mAb AD7, raised against canine liver Golgi membranes, recognizes a novel, 200-kD protein (p200) which is found in a wide variety of cultured cell lines. Immunofluorescence staining of cultured cells with the AD7 antibody produced intense staining of p200 in the juxtanuclear Golgi complex and more diffuse staining of p200 in the cytoplasm. The p200 protein in the Golgi complex was colocalized ...

The primary known function of phospholipase D (PLD) is to generate phosphatidic acid (PA) via the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine. However, the functional role of PA is not well understood. We report here evidence that links the activation of PLD by insulin and the subsequent generation of PA to the activation of the Raf-1-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Brefeldin A (BFA), an...

The 2nd International Workshop on Boolean Functions and their Applications (BFA)

During the past decade, BFA, a lipophilic funga1 toxin, has become a major tool of cell biologists interested in studying vesicle-mediated trafficking in animal and plant cells. Its main attractions include its ability to block secretion and to induce profound morphological changes in the organelles of the secretory and endocytic pathways in a totally reversible manner. In the plant literature,...

The main goal of a congestion avoidance algorithm is to maximize throughput and minimize delay (Jain & Ramakrishnan 1988). While TCP Reno achieves high throughput, it tends to consume all of the bu er space at the bottleneck router, causing large delays. In this paper we propose a simple scheme that modi es TCP Reno's congestion avoidance algorithm by throttling back the opening of the congesti...

background & aim: chronic diseases impact not only on patients but also on their family members’ lives. this study aims to determine dimensions of family dermatology life quality index (fdlqi) questionnaire by the use of classic and bayesian factor analysis (bfa) factor. methods & materials: in this study, fdlqi questionnaire distributed among 100 family members of dermatological patients. bfa ...

Topology control is a significant method to reduce energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime. Connected Dominated Sets (CDS) are emerging technologies construct energy- efficient optimal topology. Traditional topology construction algorithms not utilized suitable optimization techniques for finding optimum location of active nodes in networks. In this paper, Bacteria Foraging Algorith...