“Shooting [or ‘guessing’] characters” (shèzì 射字) was a game, and later communication method, based on phonological analysis of Chinese syllables. Over time, it became used in variety ways, including as teaching tool, cipher, writing aid for the less educated. The actual proposed applications one game show that phonology did not just exist books, but encompassed distinct non-written pract...

Many protein and mRNA species occur at low molecular counts within cells, and hence are subject to large stochastic fluctuations in copy numbers over time. Development of computationally tractable frameworks for modelling stochastic fluctuations in population counts is essential to understand how noise at the cellular level affects biological function and phenotype. We show that stochastic hybr...

This paper examined the acoustic properties of the pitch accent of South Kyungsang Korean, focusing on generational differences. Kyungsang Korean has lexical pitch accents, whereas standard Seoul Korean does not. However, whether the pitch accents are maintained by younger Kyungsang speakers is questionable given the influence of Seoul Korean. Through comparisons between older and younger speak...