These equations are plotted in Figure 2, with L as the abscissa. It is evident that for Case I, C7 is independent of L and varies as the square of At, while for the extreme Case II, or large At/T, C7 becomes nearly proportional to L. These relationships are the same as those proposed by Commoner et al. from a more qualitative analysis of the model. In the previous paper, Commoner et al. demonst...

AQ3 The utilization of continuous-flow biochemical reactors, including biocatalysis, biotransformation, and biochemical interaction based flow-analytical systems, and enzyme reactors are recently the focus of attention to produce fine biochemicals and also show great potential in bioanalytical applications. Continuous-flow biochemical processes implemented in microstructured reactors enable sho...

Enzymes or biocatalysts are produced in the human body from amino acids that the body obtains by digesting food proteins. Enzymes accelerate and control all biochemical processes in the body and in a single second several millions of enzyme mediated chemical reactions occur in a human body. Each enzyme is programmed to carry out one special task. The immense number of enzymes acts as a perfectl...

Understanding of the musculoskeletal system has evolved from the collection of individual phenomena in highly selected experimental preparations under highly controlled and often unphysiological conditions. At the systems level, it is now possible to construct complete and reasonably accurate models of the kinetics and energetics of realistic muscles and to combine them to understand the dynami...

Macromolecular oligomeric assemblies are involved in many biochemical processes of living organisms. The benefits of such assemblies in crowded cellular environments include increased reaction rates, efficient feedback regulation, cooperativity and protective functions. However, an atom-level structural determination of large assemblies is challenging due to the size of the complex and the diff...

This paper presents a discussion of existing methods for the analysis of macromolecular interactions and complexes in crystal packing. Typical situations and conditions where wrong answers may be obtained in the course of ordinary procedures are presented and discussed. The more general question of what the relationship is between natural (in-solvent) and crystallized assemblies is discussed an...

Control over molecular scale electrical properties within nano junctions is demonstrated, utilizing site-directed C(60) targeting into protein macromolecules as a doping means. The protein molecules, self-assembled in a miniaturized transistor device, yield robust and reproducible operation. Their device signal is dominated by an active center that inverts affinity upon guest incorporation and ...

Fluorescence microscopy is particularly well suited to the study of cell biology, due to its noninvasive nature, high sensitivity detection of specific molecules, and high spatial and temporal resolution. In recent years, there has been an important transition from imaging the static distributions of molecules as a snapshot in time in fixed material to live-cell imaging of the dynamics of molec...

Decomposition is a complex suite of processes that strongly affects the mineralization and immobilization of mineral nutrients. Thus, considerable research has focused on gaining a mechanistic understanding of litter decay. Models of decay vary with respect to detail, but most utilize decay rate coefficients for particular chemical constituents of litter, derived from empirical observations of ...

Molecular dynamics are essential for protein function. In some cases these dynamics involve the interconversion between ground state, highly populated conformers and less populated higher energy structures ('excited states') that play critical roles in biochemical processes. Here we describe recent advances in NMR spectroscopy methods that enable studies of these otherwise invisible excited sta...