a comprehensive and integrated study of any supply chain (sc) environment is a vital requirement that can create various advantages for the sc owners. this consideration causes productive managing of the sc through its whole wide components from upstream suppliers to downstream retailers and customers.  on this issue, despite many valuable studies reported in the current literature, considerabl...

Formulae display:?Mathematical formulae have been encoded as MathML and are displayed in this HTML version using MathJax order to improve their display. Uncheck the box turn off. This feature requires Javascript. Click on a formula zoom.

Biogeography is the study of distribution of biological species, over space and time, among random habitats. Recently introduced Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) is a technique, where solutions of the problem are termed as habitats. Feature, i.e., Suitability Index Variable (SIV), sharing among various habitats is made to occur with migration operator where as exploration of new SIVs is do...

This paper proposes per unit coding for combined economic emission load dispatch problem. In the proposed coding, it is possible to apply the percent effects of elements in any number and with high accuracy in objective function. In the proposed per unit coding, each function is transformed into per unit form based on its own maximum value and has a value from 0 to 1. In this paper, particle sw...