despite the consensus of jurists (fokaha) in safe custody of property (haraz) as one of the punishable conditions when the theft happens, some jurists made an exception in bird case. it means that stealing the bird would not subject to punishment namely cut off the thief's hand, even if the bird was in safe custody.  many of  fokaha, however,  believe that if the bird is in safe custody, t...

despite the consensus of jurists (fokaha) in safe custody of property (haraz) as one of the punishable conditions when the theft happens, some jurists made an exception in bird case. it means that stealing the bird would not subject to punishment namely cut off the thief's hand, even if the bird was in safe custody.  many of  fokaha, however,  believe that if the bird is in safe custody, t...

this paper presents a total of 11 known crustacean parasite species from 51 host species belonging to 7 families, with 17 genera reported from cultured and wild fishes in three faunal regions of iran. among them, one belonging to branchiura order, namely argulus foliaceus, was found on capoeta capoeta in makoo reservoir as well as on cyprinus carpio, chalcalburnus sp., hypophthalmichthys molitr...

hyalomma marginatum is a hard-bodied tick found on animals. this tick has been implicated in the transmission of bahig virus, a pathogenic arbovirus previously thought to be transmitted only by mosquitoes.

Cage housing systems separate the hen from her excreta and, thus, break transmission cycle for most internal parasites. However, production where birds are on litter or have access to outdoors allow parasite life-cycle completion hence, these seen a resurgence of intestinal parasites (worms, coccidia and histomonads). Effective registered anthelminthics few in Australia there no products availa...

Birds are known to respond to nest-dwelling parasites by altering behaviours. Some bird species, for example, bring fresh plants to the nest, which contain volatile compounds that repel parasites. There is evidence that some birds living in cities incorporate cigarette butts into their nests, but the effect (if any) of this behaviour remains unclear. Butts from smoked cigarettes retain substant...

Seasonal fluctuations of host densities and environmental factors are common in many ecosystems and have consequences for biotic interactions, such as the transmission of parasites and pathogens. Here, we investigated seasonal patterns in all host stages associated with the complex life cycle of the intertidal trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis on a mudflat where this parasite’s prevalence i...

Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) are the most widespread avian brood parasite in North America, laying their eggs in the nests of approximately 250 host species that raise the cowbird nestlings as their own. It is currently unknown how these heterospecific hosts influence the cowbird gut microbiota relative to other factors, such as the local environment and genetics. We test a Nature Hyp...