In this course, the first mathematical objects we will consider are known as lattices. What is a lattice? It is a set of points in n-dimensional space with a periodic structure, such as the one illustrated in Figure 1. Three dimensional lattices occur naturally in crystals, as well as in stacks of oranges. Historically, lattices were investigated since the late 18th century by mathematicians su...

Fruit is the part of a flowering plant that contains the plant’s seeds. Fruits include acorns, cucumbers, tomatoes, and wheat grains. However, the word ‘fruit’ is commonly used to refer to the juicy, sweet or tart kinds that people enjoy as desserts or snacks. The word comes from the Latin word ‘fruit’, meaning ‘enjoy’. Popular fruits include apples, bananas, grapes, oranges, peaches, pears, an...

Synephrine is a plant constituent which is found, for example, in bitter oranges (Citrus aurantium) and which is chemically related to ephedrine. Some products offered as sports and weight loss supplements contain synephrine in the form of added bitter orange extract. Often such products contain caffeine and other active ingredients. They are sometimes referred to by manufacturers as food suppl...

Methyl eugenol is a naturally occurring material found in a variety of food sources, including spices, oils, and nutritionally important foods such as bananas and oranges. Given its natural occurrence, a broad cross-section of the population is likely exposed. The availability of biomonitoring and toxicology data offers an opportunity to examine how biomonitoring data can be integrated into ris...

Blood orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) is a rare commercial citrus fruit containing abundant anthocyanins and has numerous health benefits. rootstock determines the yield quality. This study evaluated effect of three most commonly used rootstocks on features, color index, physicochemical parameters, anthocyanin accumulation, biosynthetic gene expression, associated enzymes during development ...