Background. Mouse dental mesenchymal cells (mDMCs) from tooth germs of cap or later stages are frequently used in the context of developmental biology or whole-tooth regeneration due to their odontogenic potential. In vitro-expanded mDMCs serve as an alternative cell source considering the difficulty in obtaining primary mDMCs; however, cultured mDMCs fail to support tooth development as a resu...

25 There are 2 different types of fat present in mammals: white adipose tissue, the primary site of 26 energy storage, and brown adipose tissue, which is specialized in energy expenditure. Factors 27 that specify the developmental fate and function of brown fat are poorly understood. Bone 28 morphogenic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in adipogenesis. While BMP4 is capable of 29 triggeri...

Objective: Elevated levels of leptin may be responsible directly for progression and severity of renal disease in obesity and hypertension. It may exert its effects by promoting fibrosis through the actions of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and the Smad pathway. This study determines the effect of leptin administration on the development of renal fibrosis in nonobese spontaneously hyper...

Kidney fibrosis is the final common pathway for virtually every type of chronic kidney disease and is a consequence of a prolonged healing response that follows tissue inflammation. Chronic kidney inflammation ultimately leads to progressive tissue injury and scarring/fibrosis. Several pathways have been implicated in the progression of kidney fibrosis. In the present study, we demonstrate that...

BackgroundBone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β family that signal via BMP receptor (BMPR) signaling cascade, distinct from canonical signaling. downstream is strongly induced within epidermal keratinocytes in cutaneous psoriatic lesions, and BMP7 instructs monocytic cells to acquire characteristics psoriasis-associated Langerhans dendritic (DCs). Regulatory T (Treg)-cell ...

BACKGROUND: Successful blastocyst implantation requires the differentiation of human endometrial stromal cells (HESC), a process known as decidualization. Activin A, a transforming growth factor b (TGFb) superfamily member, enhances HESC decidualization and localizes to decidual cells in human endometrium. Other TGFb superfamily members, including BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, GDF5, GDF8, GDF11, TGFbs and ...

BACKGROUND Successful blastocyst implantation requires the differentiation of human endometrial stromal cells (HESC), a process known as decidualization. Activin A, a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily member, enhances HESC decidualization and localizes to decidual cells in human endometrium. Other TGFbeta superfamily members, including BMP2, BMP4, BMP7, GDF5, GDF8, GDF11, TG...