A three-dimensional (3D)-printed customized bolus (3D bolus) can be used for radiotherapy application to irregular surfaces. However, bolus fabrication based on computed tomography (CT) scans is complicated and also delivers unwanted irradiation. Consequently, we fabricated a bolus using a 3D scanner and evaluated its efficacy. The head of an Alderson Rando phantom was scanned with a 3D scanner...

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Rapid measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by an inulin single-bolus technique would be useful, but its accuracy has been questioned. We hypothesized that reported inaccuracies reflect the use of inappropriate mathematical models. GFR was measured in 14 intact and 5 unilaterally nephrectomized conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats (mean weight 368 +/- 12 g) by both single-bolus (25 mg/k...

introduction: zinc (zn) is cofactor of more than 300 enzymes and is needed for growth, dna synthesis, immunity and other important cellular processes (wood, 2000). cobalt (co) has been demonstrated to be an essential nutrient for ruminants and is required by ruminal microorganisms for the synthesis of vitamin b12 (mcdowell, 2000). selenium is an integral component of the enzyme glutathione pero...