When academic researchers participate in commercialization using for-profit firms there is a potentially costly trade-off – their time and effort are diverted away from academic knowledge production. This is a form of brain drain on the not-for-profit research sector that may reduce academic research productivity and adversely impact university performance and long-run economic growth. In this ...

This article lays out two broad criteria for crafting a particular brain drain policy at the state level. The first, which we are calling “supply or demand,” asks whether a state experiencing brain drain is below average in high-tech labor demand or above average in high-tech labor supply (the latter concept measured by university enrollments). It is argued that the answer to this question matt...

Brain Drain, Fiscal Competition, and Public Education Expenditure This paper uses a two-country model with integrated markets for high-skilled labor to analyze the opportunities and incentives for national governments to provide higher education. Countries can differ in productivity, and education is financed through a wage tax, so that brain drain affects the tax base and has agglomeration eff...

The central nervous system (CNS) was considered to be devoid of classical lymphatic drainage. We recently challenged that paradigm by demonstrating the presence of a lymphatic vasculature in the surrounding of the brain called the meninges. We demonstrated that lymphatic vessels, expressing hall the markers for lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC; i.e Lyve-1, Prox1, podoplanin, VEGFR3 and CCL21) a...

This paper presents a cross country empirical investigation of impacts of skilled labor emigration on sending country’s institutional development. Based on Albert Hirschman’s “Exit and Voice” model, we analyze different channels through which emigration can affect institutions; using Djankov et al.’s “Institutional Possibility Frontier” framework, we assess emigration’s heterogeneous effects on...

International flows of high-skilled talent from developing countries to high-income OECD countries have grown in recent decades. Between 1970 and 1997, the number of foreign-born individuals in science and engineering occupations in the United States increased at three times the rate as that of natives, going from 7.6 percent in 1970 to 15 percent in 1997 (D’Costa, 2008). More recent data from ...