Brain nuclei are spatially organized collections of neurons that share functional properties. Despite being central to vertebrate brain circuitry, little is known about how nuclei are generated during development. We have chosen the chick midbrain oculomotor complex (OMC) as a model with which to study the developmental mechanisms of nucleogenesis. The chick OMC comprises two distinct cell grou...

Tongue-machine interface (TMI) is a feasible way between the assistive technologies and paralyzed individuals who have lost their abilities to communicate with environment. Researchers presented equipment based tongue-machine interfaces reach reliable speedy system. However, this kind of may occur obtrusive, unattractive unhygienic for disabled persons. In research, we intended propose natural,...

Brain function is usually perceived as being performed by neurons with the support of glial cells, the network of blood vessels situated nearby serving simply to provide nutrient and to dispose of metabolic waste. Revising this view, we find from experiments on a rodent central white matter tract (the optic nerve) in vitro that microvascular endothelial cells signal persistently to axons using ...

Four cases of schwannoma originating from the lower cranial nerves are presented. Case 1 is a schwannoma of the vagus nerve in the parapharyngeal space. The operation was performed by the transcervical approach. Although the tumor capsule was not dissected from the vagus nerve, hoarseness and dysphagia happened transiently after the operation. Case 2 is a schwannoma in the jugular foramen. The ...

Although microglia exist as a minor glial cell type in the normal state of brain, they increase number response to various disorders and insults. However, it remains unclear whether proliferate affected area, mechanism proliferation has long attracted attention researchers. We analyzed microglial mitosis using facial nerve transection model which blood–brain barrier is left unimpaired when nerv...

The sense of taste informs the body about the quality of ingested foods. Tastant-mediated signals are generated by a rise in free intracellular calcium levels ([Ca(2+)]i) in the taste bud cells and then are transferred to the gustatory area of brain via connections between the gustatory nerves (chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves) and the nucleus of solitary tract in the brain stem. We h...

Nucleus raphé obscurus (NRo) modulates hypoglossal (XII) nerve motor output in the in vitro transverse brain stem slice of neonatal rats (1-5 days old); chemical ablation of NRo and its focal CO(2) acidification modulated the bursting rhythm of XII nerves. We microinjected a 4.5 mM solution of kainic acid into the NRo to disrupt cellular activity and observed that XII nerve activity was tempora...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with devastating clinical manifestations. In PD, neuronal death is associated with intracellular aggregates of the neuronal protein α-synuclein known as Lewy bodies. Although the cause of sporadic PD is not well understood, abundant clinical and pathological evidence show that misfolded α-synuclein is found in enteric nerves be...

BACKGROUND New, practical models of central nervous system regeneration are required and should provide molecular tools and resources. We focus here on the tunicate Ciona intestinalis, which has the capacity to regenerate nerves and a complete adult central nervous system, a capacity unusual in the chordate phylum. We investigated the timing and sequence of events during nervous system regenera...