Hash functions are one of the ubiquitous cryptographic functions used widely for various applications such as digital signatures, data integrity, authentication protocols, MAC algorithms, RNGs, etc. Hash functions are supposed to be one-way, i.e., preimage resistant. One interesting property of hash functions is that they process arbitrary-length messages into fixed-length outputs. In general, ...

How can these symmetries be broken to SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1) in four dimensions? One powerful approach to string symmetry breaking was proposed in a beautiful paper by Candelas, Horowitz, Strominger and Witten [l]. This group advocated compactifying the heterotic string on M4 x K, where M4 is four-dimensional Minkowski space, and K is a compact six-dimensional manifdld of SU(31 holonomv. a so-cal...

An estimate of quark mass parameters suitable for the study of chiral symmetry breaking effects is made using exact GoldbergerTreiman relations for the Goldstone bosons which appear in the WeinbergSalam theory when the gauge coupling is set to zero. The numbers obtained are m U = 13.75 5.9 MeV, md = 24.7t12.9 MeV, and ms = 4972 299 MeV. Consistency of the various Goldberger-Treiman relations wi...

The procedure to calculate masses and matrix-elements in the presence of mixing of the basis states is explained in detail. We then apply this procedure to the twoloop calculation in Chiral Perturbation Theory of pseudoscalar masses and decay constants including quark mass isospin breaking. These results are used to update our analysis of Kl4 done previously and obtain a value of mu/md in addit...

We thoroughly analyze isospin-violating effects in QCD sum rules for the masses of nucleons, X, and :hyperons. After comparing with experimental mass splittings in isotopic multiplets, we obtain for the isospin breaking in the quark condensate (0~uu —dd ~0) /(0~uu ~0) =(2+1)X 10 ', a value significantly smaller than the one usually adopted. We present arguments in favor of our result and critic...

We leverage the phase segregated microstructure of polyurea to study its shock response using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The two domains, hard and soft are investigated separately. domains is studied a multiscale shock-simulation approach that allows simulation low pressure shocks. Both exhibit an unconventional behavior at velocities typically associated with polymers. domain marked b...

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates several critical cellular processes and is an important target for cancer therapy. In lieu of a crystallographic structure of the complete receptor, atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have recently shown that they can excel in studies of the full-length receptor. Here we present atomistic MD simulations of the monomeric N-glycosyl...

In the low energy domain, Chiral Perturbation Theory parametrizes the small chiral symmetry breaking effects, produced by the quark masses mu, md and ms, in terms of order parameters of massless QCD. The latter can then, in principle, be measured in high precision, low energy experiments. We discuss several relevant processes and possible improvements at future high luminosity tau/charm or K fa...

We study the Standard Model prediction for the mass difference between the two neutral D meson mass eigenstates, ∆m. We derive a dispersion relation based on heavy quark effective theory that relates ∆m to an integral of the width difference of heavy mesons, ∆Γ, over varying values of the heavy meson mass. Modeling the mD-dependence of certain D decay partial widths, we investigate the effects ...