Mosquitoes are serious biting pests and obligate vectors of many vertebrate pathogens. Their immature larval and pupal life stages are a common feature in most tropical and many temperate water bodies and often form a significant proportion of the biomass. Control strategies rely primarily on the use of larvicides and environmental modification to reduce recruitment and adulticides during perio...

The use of microbial larvicides, a form of larval source management, is a less commonly used malaria control intervention that nonetheless has significant potential as a component of an integrated vector management strategy. We evaluated community acceptability of larviciding in a rural district in east-central Tanzania using data from 962 household surveys, 12 focus group discussions, and 24 i...

The toxicity of Pinus densiflora (red pine) hydrodistillate, its 19 constituents and 28 structurally related compounds against early third-instar larvae of Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus), Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) and Culex pipiens palles (Cx. p. pallens) was examined using direct-contact bioassays. The efficacy of active compounds was further evaluated in semi-field bioassays using field-...

There are about three thousand five hundred species of mosquitoes found throughout the world. Mosquitoes are foremost in man's war against insects. The blood sucking arthropod not only cause nuisance by their irritating bites but also create health menace, as they are responsible for spreading serious diseases like Malaria, Dengue, Yellow fever, Japanese Encephalitis, Chikungunya etc. Several s...

Laboratory studies were carried out to ascertain the current susceptibility status of adult and larval stages of the Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito, vector of Japanese encephalitis, to various insecticides used under public health programs in India. The present study revealed that exposure of adult mosquitoes to diagnostic concentrations of DDT - 4.0%, malathion - 5.0%, fenitrothion - 1.0%, a...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The evolution of insecticide-resistance in malaria vectors is emerging as a serious challenge for the control of malaria. Modelling the spread of insecticide-resistance is an essential tool to understand the evolutionary pressures and dynamics caused by the application of insecticides. METHODOLOGY We developed a population-genetic model of the spread of insecticide-r...

Distributed Places bring new support for distributed, message-passing parallelism to Racket. This paper gives an overview of the programming model and how we had to modify our existing, runtime-system to support distributed places. We show that the freedom to design the programming model helped us to make the implementation tractable. The paper presents an evaluation of the design, examples of ...

By allowing any social institution to structure activity in any place, wireless information services break down the traditional mapping between institutions and places. This phenomenon greatly complicates the analysis of context for purposes of designing context-aware computing systems. Context has a physical, architectural aspect, but most aspects of context will also be defined in institution...

As many strategies to control malaria use insecticides against adult mosquitoes, control is undermined by the continual evolution of resistant mosquitoes. Here we suggest that using alternative insecticides, or conventional insecticides in alternative ways might enable effective control, but delay considerably or prevent the evolution of resistance. Our reasoning relies on an epidemiological an...