Stress assignment is one of the most widely-known and controversial aspects of present-day Mapudungun (aka Araucanian) phonology. Here, the diachrony of the phenomenon is explored based on the available written record spanning 1606–1936. Having surveyed these sparse but suggestive data, and contrasted them with present-day evidence, we suggest four distinct stages of development. Ultimately, we...

In 1970, Kobayashi and Maskawa concluded that an effective six-quark vertex with a determinantal form is necessary in the chiral effective models to account for the large mass of X meson, which is now called the η′. The determinantal interaction has an SU(3)L⊗SU(3)R symmetry but not U(3)L ⊗ U(3)R, and, hence accounts for the explicit breaking of U(1)A symmetry in quantum chromodynamics (QCD); t...

Patients can use numerous drugs that exist outside of existing regulatory statutes in order to get "legal highs." Legal psychoactive substances represent a challenge to the emergency medicine physician due to the sheer number of available agents, their multiple toxidromes and presentations, their escaping traditional methods of analysis, and the reluctance of patients to divulge their use of th...

OBJECTIVES According to the technical intelligence hypothesis, humans are superior to all other animal species in understanding and using tools. However, the vast majority of comparative studies between humans and chimpanzees, both proficient tool users, have not controlled for the effects of age, prior knowledge, past experience, rearing conditions, or differences in experimental procedures. W...

To bake a Bayesian π (posterior) I was taught that you needed an L (likelihood) and a p (prior) – Oh yeah, and probably some data, don’t forget the data! So it comes as something of a shock to discover that there are 5,240 web documents employing the phrase “Bayesian quantile regression,” as of September 1, 2015, according to Google. Quantile regression would seem to be the very antithesis of a...

BACKGROUND The Two-Pool Glucose (TPG) model has an important role to play in diabetes research since it enables analysis of data obtained from the frequently sampled labeled (hot) glucose tolerance test (FSHGT). TPG modeling allows determination of the separate effects of insulin on the disposal of glucose and on the hepatic production of glucose. It therefore provides a basis for the accurate ...

BACKGROUND DNA barcoding is a popular tool in taxonomic and phylogenetic studies, but for most animal lineages protocols for obtaining the barcoding sequences--mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (cox1 AKA CO1)--are not standardized. Our aim was to explore an optimal strategy for arachnids, focusing on the species-richest lineage, spiders by (1) improving an automated DNA extraction pr...