Saliva has a buffer capacity which neutralizes acids in the mouth. The buffer capacity of human saliva is regulated by 3 buffer systems: the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system, the phosphate system, and the proteins. In nonstimulated saliva, the concentration of inorganic phosphate is rather high, while the concentration of carbonic acid/bicarbonate system is low. Carbonic acid/bicarbonate system...

product, xC RTT , where RTT is the average round trip time, and C the link capacity. Subsequent work has shown that these buffer sizes are over-provisioned. Current implementations of operating systems set a maximum congestion window size of between 10 (in Windows XP) to 40 (in Linux 2.4 and 2.6). In addition, many Internet flows today are short-lived, and end with the packets still buffered in...

Buffer capacity allocation problems for flow-line manufacturing systems with unreliable machines are studied. These problems arise in a wide range of manufacturing systems and concern determining buffer capacities with respect to a given optimality criterion which can depend on the average production rate of the line, buffer cost, inventory cost, etc. Here, this problem is proven to be NP-hard ...

In this paper we study a general stochastic fluid model with a single infinite capacity buffer, where the buffer content can change continuously as well as by instantaneous upward jumps. The continuous as well as the instantaneous change is modulated by an external environment process modelled as a finite state continuous time Markov chain. The Laplace-Stieltjes transform of the steady-state jo...

In this paper, we propose a rate control mechanism for multimedia multicast streaming in the Internet. A single and optimal transmission rate that is adaptive to the network congestion, buffer occupancies, and the playback requirements of the member clients in the multicast group is allocated. We optimize the multicasting delivery in the Internet by improving the buffer occupancy of all clients...

Conventional IP routers are passive devices that accept packets and perform the routing function on any input. Usually the tail-drop (TD) strategy is used where the input which exceeds the buffer capacity are simply dropped. In active queue management (AQM) methods routers manage their buffers by dropping packets selectively. We study one of the AQM methods called as random exponential marking ...

– When we speak about the buffer overflow period we mean the time interval in which the queue size is equal to the capacity of the buffer. Thus packets or cells arriving during this period are lost. The distribution of the length of this interval is recently gaining attention as a very informative characteristic of the queueing performance. In this paper the numerous results related to the dist...

Performance studies, linking ATM switch capabilities to physical limitations imposed by integrated circuit technology, have been scarce. This paper explores trends in circuit capabilities, and makes projections toward the 0.25m technologies that will be available to all switch designers in the year 2000. The limits imposed by circuit technology are applied to shared buffer ATM switches. We dete...

Saliva buffering test is in need of improvements. This article illustrates the most commonly used saliva buffering capacity tests and its major problems. Starting with Ericsson and his laboratory buffer capacity test and all the way to Kitasako a lot of issues are to release. The aim of this paper is to put saliva buffering tests up to serious discussion.