People’s concept of free will is often assumed to be incompatible with the deterministic, scientific model of the universe. Indeed, many scholars treat the folk concept of free will as assuming a special form of nondeterministic causation, possibly the notion of uncaused causes. However, little work to date has directly probed individuals’ beliefs about what it means to have free will. The pres...

High accident rate in construction is a universal problem which needs to be tackled by all parties concerned (Poon et al. 2008). Although in the last decade there was a downward trend in construction accidents in many places such as Hong Kong due to implementation of numerous safety schemes, improvement in construction accident records is still necessary (Figs. 2.1, 2.2). A previous research st...

The structure of this article is as follows: first, I will give a general sketch of the most important contemporary approaches to causation. Next, in the second part, I will briefly discuss the historical development of the concept of cause; I will show that the history of the concept of cause reveals a complex evolution marked by two decisive milestones: (I) the Aristotelian (-scholastic) Conc...

According to common judicial standard, judgment in favor of plaintii should be made if and only if it is \more probable than not" that the defendant's action was the cause for the plaintii's damage (or death). This paper provides formal semantics, based on structural models of counterfactuals, for the probability that event x was a necessary or suucient cause (or both) of another event y. The p...

This paper is divided into two parts. In part one I apply a formal method for the establishment of cause-relations between events to cases involving manner modification. In the second part I argue that the status of a manner adverb with regard to its role in a causeconsequence sequent does not play a role for its formal representation at the sentential level. Instead, it influences a sentence’s...

Recently I suggested that a cause is an event which, in its context of occurrence, is both necessary and sufficient for the effect. However this definition is only appropriate if there is a single potential cause of the effect. Consequently I suggest a generalization of the definition and discuss the resulting “Production Theory”. I suggest that this can be seen as a combination of a regularity...

We address the question which additional information on the source shape and dynamics can be extracted from three-particle Bose-Einstein correlations. For chaotic sources the true three-particle correlation term is shown to be sensitive to the momentum dependence of the saddle point of the source and to its asymmetries around that point. For partially coherent sources the three-pion correlator ...

This paper deals with the problem of estimating the probability of causation, that is, the probability that one event was the real cause of another, in a given scenario. Starting from structural-semantical de nitions of the probabilities of necessary or su cient causation (or both), we show how to bound these quantities from data obtained in experimental and observational studies, under general...

the aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the persian version of sport perfectionism scale of dun et al. (2006). to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, 393 (230 male and 163 female) athletes with different skill levels (novice, non-elite and elite) in 10 team and individual sports were selected by random sampling method and then completed the ques...