In grasslands, overgrazing by domestic livestock, fertilization, and introduction of exotic forage species leads to plant communities consisting of a mixture of native and exotic species. These degraded grasslands present a problem for land managers, farmers, and restoration ecologists concerned with improving biodiversity while continuing to use the land for livestock production. Here we asses...

New interactions with non-native species can alter selection pressures on native species. Here, we examined the effect of the spatial distribution of a non-native species, a factor that determines ecological and evolutionary outcomes but that is poorly understood, particularly on a fine scale. Specifically, we explored a native butterfly population and a non-native plant on which the butterfly ...

Habitat fragmentation is a major driver of biodiversity loss. Yet, the overall effects of fragmentation on biodiversity may be obscured by differences in responses among species. These opposing responses to fragmentation may be manifest in higher variability in species richness and abundance (termed hyperdynamism), and in predictable changes in community composition. We tested whether forest fr...

This paper is a survey of existing methods of communication in usual networks. We particularly study the complete network, the ring, the torus, the grid, the hypercube, the cube connected cycles, the undirected de Bruijn graph, the star graph, the shuffle-exchange graph, and the butterfly graph. Two different models of communication time are analysed, namely the constant model and the linear mo...

The apparent paradox of multiple coexisting wing pattern mimicry 'rings' in tropical butterflies has been explained as a result of microhabitat partitioning in adults. However, very few studies have tested this hypothesis. In neotropical forests, ithomiine butterflies dominate and display the richest diversity of mimicry rings. We show that co-mimetic species occupy the same larval host-plant s...

The dinuclear title compound, [Fe(2)(C(2)H(4)S(2))(C(24)H(20)OP(2))(CO)(5)] or (μ-SCH(2)CH(2)S-μ)Fe(2)(CO)(5)[Ph(2)PP(O)Ph(2)], con-tains a butterfly-shaped Fe(2)S(2) core in which the Fe⋯Fe separation is 2.5275 (6) Å. One of the Fe atoms is also coordinated to three carbonyl ligands and the other to two carbonyl ligands and one phosphane ligand [Ph(2)PP(O)Ph(2)]. Both Fe-atom geometries could ...