OBJECTIVES To evaluate the current status of ureteroscopic lithotripsy (UL) for treating renal calculi of >2 cm, as advances in flexible ureteroscope design, accessory instrumentation and lithotrites have revolutionised the treatment of urinary calculi. While previously reserved for ureteric and small renal calculi, UL has gained an increasing role in the selective management of larger renal st...

In this paper we invite the reader to a journey through three lambda calculi with resource control: the lambda calculus, the sequent lambda calculus, and the lambda calculus with explicit substitution. All three calculi enable explicit control of resources due to the presence of weakening and contraction operators. Along this journey, we propose intersection type assignment systems for all thre...

Often, calculi for manipulating and reasoning about programs can be recast as calculi for synthesizing programs. The diier-ence involves often only a slight shift of perspective: admitting metavari-ables into proofs. We propose that such calculi should be implemented in logical frameworks that support this kind of proof construction and that such an implementation can unify program veriication ...

We show that the bicovariant rst order diierential calculi on a factoris-able semisimple quantum group are in 1-1 correspondence with irreducible representations V of the quantum group enveloping algebra. The corresponding calculus is constructed and has dimension dimV 2. The diierential calculi on a nite group algebra C G are also classiied and shown to be in correspondence with pairs consisti...

In this paper, diierent variants of classical analytic calculi for rst-order logic are compared with respect to the length of proofs possible in such calculi. A cut-free sequent calculus is used as a prototype for diierent other analytic calculi like analytic tableau or various connection calculi. With modiied branching rules ({rules), non-elementary shorter minimal proofs can be obtained for a...

Psi-calculi are a parametric framework for nominal calculi, where standard calculi are found as instances, like the pi-calculus, or the cryptographic spi-calculus and applied-pi. Psi-calculi have an interleaving operational semantics, with a strong foundation on the theory of nominal sets and process algebras. Much of the expressive power of psi-calculi comes from their logical part, i.e., asse...

BACKGROUND The objective of this study is to determine in a case series (four patients) how calcified deposits in renal papillae are associated with the development of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) papillary calculi. METHODS From the recently collected papillary calculi, we evaluated retrospectively patients, subjected to retrograde ureteroscopy, with COM papillary lithiasis. RESULTS Th...

INTRODUCTION The characterization of urinary calculi using noninvasive methods has the potential to affect clinical management. CT remains the gold standard for diagnosis of urinary calculi, but has not reliably differentiated varying stone compositions. Dual-energy CT (DECT) has emerged as a technology to improve CT characterization of anatomic structures. This study aims to assess the ability...

Increased urinary calcium (Ca++) excretion and the presence of negative Ca++ balance is well documented in primary hyperaldosteronism. However, renal calculi as a major manifestation of this disorder is not previously described. This report describes probably the first patient who presented with renal calculi in association with primary hyperaldosteronism. We believe that primary hyperaldostero...

Process calculi treat concurrent processes much like the λ-calculus treat computable functions. They provide a language in which the structure of terms represents the structure of processes together with an operational semantics to represent computational steps. Concurrent Constraint Programming (CCP) is a process calculus which combines the traditional operational view of process calculi with ...