This paper aims to investigate the direction of causality between economic growth, energy consumption and trade openness in case of Iran for the period 1967–2012. We apply the newly developed combined cointegration test proposed by Bayer and Hanck (2013). Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is applied to determine the direction of causality between these three variables. The result of Bayer-Ha...

A well-recognized open conceptual problem in relativistic quantum field theory concerns the relation between measurement and causality. Naive generalizations of rules can allow for superluminal signaling (``impossible measurements''). This raises delineating physically allowed measurements operations. We analyze this issue a recently proposed framework which local (in possibly curved spacetime)...

A novel measure of the Autoregressive Causal Relation based on a multivariate autoregressive model is proposed. It reveals the strength of the connections among a simultaneous time series and also the direction of the information flow. It is defined in the frequency domain, similar to the formerly published methods such as: Directed Transfer Function, Direct Directed Transfer Function, Partial ...

In the relevant literature, there has been a lack of discussion to focus particularly on the relationship between entrepreneurship and international trade. It is more restricted when one intends to seek an interaction between international trade and the indexes of the 3A approach of entrepreneurship, including entrepreneurial attitude, activities and aspirations which are collected from Global ...

The causal relation between research and economic growth is of particular importance for political support of science and technology as well as for academic purposes. This paper revisits the causal relationship between research papers published and economic growth in OECD countries for the period 1981-2011, using bootstrap panel causality analysis, which accounts for cross-section dependency an...

Advance information about an impending stimulus facilitates its subsequent identification and ensuing behavioral responses. This facilitation is thought to be mediated by top-down control signals from frontal and parietal cortex that modulate sensory cortical activity. Here we show, using Granger causality measures on blood oxygen level-dependent time series, that frontal eye field (FEF) and in...

Studies performed earlier have shown a positive relation between blood lead (a parameter for lead body burden) and blood pressure, whereas such a relation between urine cadmium (a parameter for cadmium body burden) and blood pressure could not be shown. Median (i.e., 50th percentile, P50) blood levels in the general population in the Netherlands are in the range of 80 to 150 micrograms/L. Perso...

this paper examines the causal relationship between energy use and real gdp for the period 1967-2002 in iran. the results of phillips- perron test indicate that the real gdp and the four categories of energy, i.e. coal, oil, gas, and hydroelectric energy are integrated of order one. besides, the johansen — juselius maximum likelihood co- integration tests imply the existence of granger causalit...

Background: One of the most fundamental objectives of the macroeconomic policies is to realize the relationship between economic growth and inflation. According to some monetary policy advisors, inflation reflects erosion in consumer’s purchasing power. Inflation as an important economic variable, affect the economic growth and its impact on economic growth has been proposed in various theories...

Psychiatric adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have been reported with statin use, but the literature regarding statin-associated mood/behavioral changes remains limited. We sought to elicit information germane to natural history and characteristics of central nervous system/behavioral changes in apparent connection with statin and/or cholesterol-lowering drug use, and delineate mechanisms that may ...