We thank Drs. Yildirim, Kar and Kaya for their interest regarding our paper reporting the uncommon occurrence of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in Susac syndrome (SS) and for re-emphasizing the point that we have made in the article that SS should be kept in mind even when a patient presents with CRAO in one eye only. However we would like to point out that their statement “retinal art...

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an uncommon entity in ophthalmic practice. Reported etiologies are numerous, and involve systemic and ocular preexisting pathologies. A traumatic etiology for CRAO is rare with anecdotal reports and poor visual outcomes. No specific treatment guidelines exist to date. We report a case of traumatic CRAO in a young female without any systemic vascular ri...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether a significant correlation exists between the scotopic and photopic components of electroretinograms (ERGs) and the degree of circulation disturbances caused by a central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). DESIGN Observational clinical study. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen patients with a CRAO (16 eyes). METHODS The circulatory disturbance in eyes...

The central retinal artery (CRA), which can be non-invasively examined with ophthalmoscopy, may be regarded as an extracranial part of the cerebrovascular system. Assessment of CRA pressure may be of help in assessing the impediment of the intracranial blood circulation in patients with a carotid artery stenosis (CAS). The aim of this study was to explore the potential associations between dias...

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is one of the most devastating ophthalmic emergencies, causing acute painless visual loss in the affected eye. We describe the first case of acute non-arteritic CRAO associated with peripheral ophthalmic artery aneurysm and its clinical course after intra-arterial thrombolysis therapy. This case suggests that ophthalmic artery aneurysm can be the cause of...

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is usually a blinding event, and is not an infrequent presentation to the accident and emergency (A&E) department. The evidence-base in support of current treatment options is weak. METHODS This paper reviewed the literature germane to the diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic aspects of retinal arterial occlusive disease. RESULTS ...

The influence of multiple systemic factors upon the blood velocities obtained from the orbital circulations was investigated. The velocities obtained by colour Doppler imaging from the ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, and vein from 95 ophthalmologically healthy volunteers were analyzed. The effects of age, systemic blood pressure, and smoking habit were examined. In 24 volunteers bloo...

Carotid stump syndrome (CSS) is known to be one of the causes of recurrent ipsilateral ischemic stroke following the occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). The present study describes a case of left CSS in a 50-year-old patient presenting with a central retinal artery embolism following internal carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion. The central retinal artery embolism was belie...

This paper presents an automatic application that provides several retinal image analysis functionalities, namely vessel segmentation, vessel width estimation, artery/vein classification and optic disc segmentation. A pipeline of these methods allows the computation of important vessel related indexes, namely the Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent (CRAE), Central Retinal Venular Equivalent (...

The hypothesis that an occlusion of the central retinal artery is an essential prerequisite for haemorrhage formation after central retinal vein obstruction has been investigated by examining the fundus changes in patients with a cilio-retinal arterial circulation; the findings are at variance with the 'combined occlusion hypothesis'. Comparisons were made between the pathological features in t...