in this research, it has been tried to survy the norooz celebration and its challenges in the islamic civilization, esp. in the caliph periods. since this ancient celebration was full of moral and humanistic concepts, it could immediately find a special harmong with the newly formed islamic culture. this celebration has been presented in the arabic literature in different forms. there fore, in ...

assessing learners' needs is an integral part of any curriculum and course design , namely english for specific purposes (esp), syllabus design, materials development, teaching methods and testing issues. critical approach to needs analysis, which is a relatively recent approach, acknowledges the rights of different stakeholders including teachers, students and administrators in the process of ...

background: testing and teaching are interrelated in education process; using various kinds of tests, teachers are able to anticipate the strong and weak points of learning in students, their progress and their accomplishment. the influence of test on teaching and learning is commonly referred to as washback. testing washback is a twisted concept that becomes even more complex under a various i...

In our era of increasing globalization, addressing the needs non-native English speakers required to use in course their professional and academic activities is utmost importance. Laurence Anthony’s Introducing for Specific Purposes latest contributor a long line research-based approaches intended support teaching learning (ESP). book, as an introduction ESP those with little no expe...