Solar evolution implies, for contemporary albedos and atmospheric composition, global mean temperatures below the freezing point of seawater less than 2.3 aeons ago, contrary to geologic and paleontological evidence. Ammonia mixing ratios of the order of a few parts per million in the middle Precambrian atmosphere resolve this and other problems. Possible temperature evolutionary tracks for Ear...

Solar home systems are an excellent fit for the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol because they directly displace greenhouse gas emissions while contributing to sustainable rural development. Selling emission reduction credits under the CDM could provide additional revenues for SHSs. However, high transaction costs related to CDM procedures might prevent SHSs from benefiting f...

With the requirement to better quantify greenhouse gases, establishing TCCON stations in remote environments will be necessary. This paper discusses the problems encountered while operating a TCCON station on Ascension Island, probably the most remote and rough environments in the world for a TCCON instrument at the moment. One of the main components of a TCCON instrument is the solar tracker, ...

This paper deals with a symmetric send-on-delta PI control strategy for controlling the internal temperature of a greenhouse. It is shown that, by properly designing the control system, the disturbances represented by the soil temperature, the solar radiation, the wind velocity, and the outside temperature can be effectively compensated with a limited number of events. The role of the design pa...

Objective: Digoxin is a therapeutic cardenolide widely used to treat various heart conditions such as atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and heart failure in both Western as well as Chinese medicine. Digoxin is extracted from cultivated Digitalis lanata Ehrh. plants, known as Mao Hua Yang Di Huang in Chinese medicine. This manuscript presents two studies that were conducted to optimize the cul...

Transnational governance is increasingly important to many areas of global politics, including global climate change, where multilateral negotiations have fallen into gridlock. However, we have yet to fully understand how domestic political conditions affect suband non-state actors’ ability to engage in governance beyond the state. Existing approaches to transnational governance emphasize, ofte...