Stress is a critical component in the development, maintenance, and reinstatement of addictive behaviors, including alcohol use. This article reviews the current state of the literature on the brain's stress response, focusing on the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis. Stress responses can occur as a reaction to physiological (or systemic) challenge or threat; signals from multiple part...

Consider $K$ processes, each generating a sequence of identical and independent random variables. The probability measures these processes have parameters that must be estimated. Specifically, they share parameter notation="LaTeX">$\theta$ common to all measures. Additionally, process notation="La...

BACKGROUND Virulence of pathogenic bacteria is often determined by their ability to adapt to stress. RESULTS The Brucella abortus general stress response (GSR) system is required for chronic mammalian infection and is regulated by phosphorylation and proteolysis. CONCLUSION The B. abortus GSR signaling pathway has multiple layers of post-translational control and is a determinant of chronic...

Sex differences in basal as well as in stress-induced hippocampal neurogenesis processes have been reported in the literature. However, studies directly comparing sex differences on multiple neurogenesis processes under such conditions are lacking to date. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to directly compare cell proliferation and survival, neuronal and astroglial differentiation as ...