The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of microemulsions as a drug vehicle for transdermal delivery of citalopram. A computerized statistical technique of response surface methodology with mixture design was used to investigate and optimize the influence of the formulation compositions including a mixture of Brij 30/Brij 35 surfactants (at a ratio of 4:1, 20%-30%), isopropyl alcoho...

BACKGROUND The ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) gene, which encodes the p-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier, is investigated for patients' susceptibility to major depressive disorder (MDD) and their therapeutic response to antidepressants. However, there is an inconsistency between the studies of different ethnic groups. The current study aimed to determine the potential...

Citalopram and paroxetine are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and also have antinociceptive effects. We investigated the antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of intrathecally administered morphine, citalopram, paroxetine, and combinations thereof, in a rat model in which peripheral inflammation was induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Drugs were intrathecally administered ...

OBJECTIVE Mitochondrial dysfunctions, impaired bioenergetics and dysfunction of neurotrophins are included in many neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. We investigated in vitro effects of pharmacologically different antidepressants and mood stabilizers on mitochondrial enzymes to discover, which mitochondrial functions could be involved in pathophysiology of mood disorders. METHODS In ...

Chronic exposure to light at night (LAN) is a circadian disruptor and may be linked to various health risks, including mood disorders. We recently demonstrated that chronic exposure to dim (5 lux) LAN provokes depressive-like behaviors and reduced hippocampal CA1 dendritic spine density in female hamsters. Whether this model is responsive to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors remains unspe...

conclusions considering the results of this study, lavandula angustifilia infusion has some positive therapeutic effects on depressed patients most importantly decreases mean depression score and might be used alone or as an adjunct to other anti-depressant drugs. results after four weeks of the trial onset, the mean depression score according to the hamilton scale for depression was 17.5 ± 3.5...

Pre-clinical and human neuropharmacological evidence suggests a role of cholinergic modulation of monoamines as a pathophysiological and therapeutic mechanism in Alzheimer's disease. The present study measured the effects of treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor and nicotinic receptor modulator, galantamine, on the cerebral metabolic response to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor,...

BACKGROUND "Evergreening" refers to the numerous strategies whereby owners of pharmaceutical products use patent laws and minor drug modifications to extend their monopoly privileges on the drug. We aimed to evaluate the impact of evergreening through the case study of the antidepressant citalopram and its chiral switch form escitalopram by evaluating treatment efficacy and acceptability for pa...

The study aimed to summarize clinical data for escitalopram in the treatment of major depressive disorder in primary care. Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of escitalopram (10-20 mg/day for 8 weeks) versus other antidepressants in therapeutic doses or placebo. Patients were required to have had moderate/severe depression, with Montgomery-Asbe...