BACKGROUND Hyponatraemia is the commonest electrolyte disturbance of hospital inpatients. Assessment of volaemic status is an important part of diagnosis and management. AIM To determine reliability of clinical assessment of volaemic state by assessing inter-observer variability of clinical measures of volaemic state. To assess validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis as a tool to measure...

conclusion generally, the studied hospitals were faced with a lack of nursing manpower and distribution of manpower was not appropriate. proper planning and management of manpower in accordance with the lack of personnel, compensates and achieves the standards required for hospital’s nursing manpower and this would lead to an increase in the efficiency of hospitals activities and can provide sa...

background: the electron contamination may reduce or even diminish the skin sparing property of the megavoltage beam. the detailed characteristics of contaminant electrons are presented for different field sizes and cases. materials and methods: the monte carlo code, mcnpx, has been used to simulate 18 mv photon beam from a varian linac-2300 accelerator. all dose measurements were carried out u...