Background: Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B and C viruses are endemic in subSaharan African countries including Nigeria. Researchers have studied the burden of co-infection of HIV with hepatitis B and hepatitis C but the risk factors and clinical presentation have not been much addressed especially in children. Methodology: This was a prospective cross sectional study that determin...

“T are two problems in painting” said American artist Frank Stella (b. 1936) when he was still a brash young man. “One is to fi nd out what painting is, and the other is to fi nd out how to make a painting” (1). Stella’s interest in the defi nition of painting may have refl ected late 19thearly 20th-century modernist concerns. More contemporary concerns focus primarily on how to make a painting...

Chemicals. BP was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. The 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, and 10-HOBP deriva tives of analytical purity were synthesized as previously described (32). BP and the phenols of BP were dissolved in acetone to give a concentration of 0.4 @moIe of compound per 25 j.tl of solvent. The solutions were stored at —90° in amber glass vials. Since the phenols of BP ma...

BACKGROUND Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a recognized risk of any surgical procedure in veterinary medicine. One of the keys to prevention of SSIs is reducing exposure of the surgical site to endogenous and exogenous microbes, beginning in the preoperative period. While guidelines are available for preoperative preparation procedures, there has been no objective investigation of complianc...

Background: Hepatitis B is the most frequent blood-borne viral infection on globe, with 2 billion infections, 350 million carriers, and 6 deaths annually. Infections hepatitis virus are leading cause of liver disease all over world. Sudan one countries highest seroprevalence virus. The incidence surface antigen ranged from 6.8% in central to 26% southern Sudan, indicating that exposure 47% 78%....

Life, if it exists or existed on Europa, could be abundant and varied [1-3], as well as preservable in the surface ice. Europa's probable sub-ice ocean would provide a large number of habitats. By analogy with Earth's icy habitats, many ecologic settings are likely in and on the ice, as well as the on the ocean's floor and in the water column [4-8]. All of these could have been preserved in pla...

Primitive ancestors of Homo sapiens and their colonizing bacteria have coevolved for approximately 500,000 years; some experts estimate that the total number of human cells is 1013 and the total number of colonizing microbes is 1014. Despite this 10-to-1 inequity, the balance of power is influenced by an intact human immune system and the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes. Operative pr...

It’s common to accompany the rollout of a new biomedical journal with an explanation for its coming into being, usually by suggesting there’s an unmet need, despite the panoply of existing journals. I’m not going to do that, at least not exactly. The biomedical literature is almost unimaginably vast already, much more than even the most diligent speed-reading scholar-who-listens-to-science-blog...

Our understanding of the physiology of wound healing and wound infection and the most effective strategies to reduce the risk of wound infection have progressed over a very long time. Perhaps the earliest significant advance in this field was the recognition of the role of bacteria in wound infection and the subsequent development first of antisepsis and then of asepsis. Important milestones in...