Problem statement: To evaluate the frictional forces generated by five different orthodontic brackets when used in combination with stainless steel and NiTi archwires in dry conditions at physiological temperature. Approach: Five different types of maxillary canine brackets (Damon 3 MX, Step, Quick, Sprint, Mini Mono) with a slot size 0.022 inch were coupled with 0.016” and 0.019”×0.025” stainl...

AIM The present case report describes the importance of understanding of biomechanical and clinical considerations in application of Forsus appliance in correction of class II skeletal malocclusion. BACKGROUND Angle's class II malocclusion is one of the most prevailing that may be either skeletal or dental presenting with different clinical manifestations. There are number of appliances to tr...

OBJECTIVE To compare the frictional resistance between self-ligating and conventional brackets tied to different types of wire. MATERIAL AND METHODS Abzil Kirium Capelozza (Pattern I) and Easy Clip (Roth prescription) incisor brackets were used. An elastomeric ligature or a 0.10-in ligating wire was used to ligate the wire to the Abzil bracket. Three types of orthodontic archwire alloys were ...

AIM To assess the effectiveness of canine lacebacks on the proclination of the upper incisors with reference to pre-treatment canine tip. STUDY DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. SAMPLE Patients receiving upper and lower fixed appliances attending the orthodontic departments of five orthodontic treatment providers. Sixteen patients received canine lacebacks as part of their treatment and 19 ...

The size of endocytic clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) is remarkably uniform, suggesting that it is optimized to achieve the appropriate levels of cargo and lipid internalization. The three most abundant proteins in mammalian endocytic CCVs are clathrin and the two cargo-selecting, clathrin adaptors, CALM and AP2. Here we demonstrate that depletion of CALM causes a substantial increase in the ra...

In eukaryotic organisms clathrin-coated vesicles are instrumental in the processes of endocytosis as well as intracellular protein trafficking. Hence, it is important to understand how these vesicles have evolved across eukaryotes, to carry cargo molecules of varied shapes and sizes. The intricate nature and functional diversity of the vesicles are maintained by numerous interacting protein par...

The DnaJ protein auxilin has been extensively studied in vitro as a cofactor for uncoating clathrin-coated vesicles by the chaperone Hsc70. Recent studies provide the first evidence that auxilin plays this role in vivo, and work on a new mammalian auxilin suggests the protein may have more complex cellular functions.

Endocytosis is crucial for an array of cellular functions and can occur through several distinct mechanisms with the capacity to internalize anything from small molecules to entire cells. The clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway has recently received considerable attention because of (i) the identification of an array of molecules that orchestrate the assembly of clathrin-coated vesicles and the...

The distinctive triskelion shape of clathrin allows assembly into polyhedral lattices during the process of clathrin-coated vesicle formation. We have used random and site-directed mutagenesis of the yeast clathrin heavy chain gene (CHC1) to characterize regions which determine Chc trimerization and binding to the clathrin light chain (Clc) subunit. Analysis of the mutants indicates that mutati...

The GTPase dynamin is essential for CME (clathrin-mediated endocytosis), but its exact function and mechanism of action have been controversial. Here, we review findings that have led to the current models for dynamin function, either as a mechanochemical enzyme driving membrane fission or as a regulatory GTPase monitoring rate-limiting steps in CME. However, these models are not mutually exclu...