The construction and performance characteristics of pentoxifylline selective electrodes were developed. Two types of electrodes: plastic membrane I and coated wire II were constructed based on the incorporation of pentoxifylline with phosphotungstic acid (PTA). The influence of membrane composition, kind of plasticizer, pH of the test solution, soaking time, and foreign ions on the electrodes w...

Introduction: A problem posed by electrical field (E) stimulation of biological preparations with high excitation threshold is that the E intensity required for excitation is likely to induce water electrolysis at the electrode surface, which can alter the extracellular medium and cause deleterious effects on the cells. In this study, different electrode materials and geometries were tested aim...

Gold-coated silver wire was developed to alleviate the high cost of Au used in semiconductor packaging. Ball-bonding and stitch-bonding techniques were fabricate dummy packaging material, comprising 97.3 % Ag, 97.3% Au-Coated 99.99 %Au wires. The ball shear test (BST), pull (BPT), microstructural attributes ultrasonic bonding interfaces compared with initial properties, both before after highly...

This study was designed to test the feasibility of using microfabricated electrodes to record surface potentials with sufficiently fine spatial resolution to measure the potential gradients necessary for improved computation of transmembrane current density. To assess that feasibility, we recorded unipolar electrograms from perfused rabbit right ventricular free wall epicardium (n = 6) using el...

Abstract The photovoltaic sector needs a high-throughput slicing method that produces minimal waste to meet rising demand. Wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) has emerged as an alternative in recent research efforts. Polycrystalline silicon is sliced using the WEDM process with zinc-coated electrode of Ø0.25 mm diameter. Experiments were planned and conducted according Box Behnken’s design...

Background. Any decrease in friction between orthodontic wire and bracket can accelerate tooth movement in the sliding technique and result in better control of anchorage. This study was carried out to evaluate frictional forces by coating orthodontic wires and porcelain brackets with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO). Methods . In this in vitro study, we evaluated a combination of 120 samples of ...

Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a method to cut conductive materials with a thin electrode that follows a programmed path. The electrode is a thin wire. Typical diameters range from .004" .012" (.10mm .30mm) although smaller and larger diameters are available. WEDM is a thermal machining process capable of accurately machining parts with varying hardness or complex shapes. WEDM pr...

This paper compares and discusses the wearout reliability and analysis of Gold (Au), Palladium (Pd) coated Cu and Pd-doped Cu wires used in fineline Ball Grid Array (BGA) package. Intermetallic compound (IMC) thickness measurement has been carried out to estimate the coefficient of diffusion (Do) under various aging conditions of different bonding wires. Wire pull and ball bond shear strengths ...