The nation of "cognitive ability" leads to paradoxical condusions when invoked to explain Inhelder and Piaget's research on dass indusion reasoning and research on the indusion rule in the heuristics-andbiases program. The vague distinction between associative and rule-based reasoning overlooks the human capacity for semantic and pragmatic inferences, and consequently, makes intelligent inferen...

Inner speech plays a crucial role in behavioral regulation and the use of inner speech is very common among adults. However, less is known about individual differences in the frequency of inner speech use and about the underlying processes that may explain why people exhibit individual differences in the frequency of inner speech use. This study was conducted to investigate how individual diffe...

Application of associative learning paradigms to clinically relevant individual differences in cognitive processing. Individual differences in cognitive processing have been implicated in a range of clinical capitalize on the wealth of theories, measurement strategies, and analytical approaches developed by quantitative cognitive scientists, even though these models and methods seem promising f...

Background The feeding importance of child in first two years of life and mental damage caused by malnutrition during this period is obvious. However the mother's lifestyle and long-term effects on the health of the mother and infant during breastfeeding period should not be neglected. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between the demographic characteristics and lifestyl...

background: the effect of coping strategies on modification of competitive anxiety and self-confidence is controversial. the purpose of this study was investigation of the role of coping strategies on competitive anxiety and self-confidence in individual and group athletes. methods: 700 group and individual athletes were selected from five counties of kermanshah province, western iran, applying...

OBJECTIVE The primary goal of the current study was to investigate factors contributing to more negative cognitive change at older ages. METHOD Longitudinal data on 12 cognitive tests were examined in 2,637 adults ranging from 18 to 85 years of age. Because both the intervals between measurement occasions and the number of occasions varied across participants, it was possible to investigate e...

Enhancing human cognitive performance is a topic that continues to spark scientific interest. Studies into cognitive-enhancement techniques often fail to take inter-individual differences into account, however, which leads to underestimation of the effectiveness of these techniques. The current study investigated the effect of binaural beats, a cognitive-enhancement technique, on attentional co...