Talk of levels is everywhere in cognitive science. Whether it is in terms of adjudicating longstanding debates or motivating foundational concepts, one cannot go far without hearing about the need to talk at different ‘levels’. Yet in spite of its widespread application and use, the concept of levels has received little sustained attention within cognitive science. This paper provides an analys...

In this paper, we compare the inference capabilities of three different types of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. A Fuzzy Cognitive Map is a Recurrent Artificial Neural Network that creates models as collections of concepts/neurons and the various causal relations that exist between these concepts/neurons. The three different types of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps that we study are the Binary, the Trivalent and th...

Six Sigma Management has played a very important role in improving corporate performance. Literature shows that a great deal of components is influencing the success of Six Sigma Management. Problems with analyzing those components related to the Six Sigma Management lie in the fact that there exist complicated forms of causal relationships among them, forcing the Six Sigma strategists to rely ...

Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) are a proper knowledge-based tool for modeling and simulation. They are denoted as directed weighted graphs with feedback allowing causal reasoning. According to the transformation function used for updating the activation value of concepts, FCM can be grouped in two large clusters: discrete and continuous. It is notable that FCM having discrete outputs never exhibit ...

Rats were trained to find an invisible platform in a Morris water maze. One group was preexposed to the landmarks that subsequently defined the location of the platform while the control group was preexposed to the apparatus, without landmarks. Preexposed rats showed a retarded learning when swimming to the platform. These results provide little support for the notion of a cognitive map and are...

Yeap [42] argued that an important basis for computing a cognitive map is the ability to compute and recognise local environments. Although he has demonstrated how such local environments could be used to construct a raw cognitive map, he failed to produce an adequate algorithm for computing them. In this paper, a detailed study of this problem is presented. We argue that although each local en...

A cognitive map is a graphical representation of mental beliefs of an underlined entity by an expert following a set of discursive representations from his own cognitive representation on a particular subject to help him to think about the presented reality. In This paper, first we briefly present the argumentation theory and the cognitive map model with its applications for decision problems. ...

The normative literature within the field of Knowledge Management has tended to concentrate on techniques and methodologies for codifying knowledge. Similarly, the literature on organizational learning, focuses on aspects of those knowledge that are pertinent at the macro-organizational level (i.e. the overall business). There remains little published literature on how knowledge management and ...