Abstract The hotplate precipitation gauge operates by means of a thermodynamic principle. It is composed small disk with two thin aluminum heated plates on the upper and lower faces. Each plate has three concentric rings to prevent hydrometeors from sliding off in strong wind. As for more widely used tipping-bucket weighing gauges, measurements are affected wind-induced bias due bluff-body aero...

Obtaining droplet collection efficiency (DCE) is vital for icing numerical simulations. A impact model based on the Eulerian two-phase flow was established in this work to analyze influence of different incoming parameters DCE. Then, mathematical regularity DCE distribution explored using parametric description, and functional relation between condition accomplished. The results showed that cal...

This study examines the impact of regional old-age dependency ratio on collection efficiency public pension funds using statistical data contributions schemes for urban employees in 31 Chinese provinces and municipalities between 2010 2015. An inverted U-curve relationship rate was observed with a single threshold value .5439, thus, suggesting need change soft constraints responsibility an opti...