77 T he individual biological organism is more than a mere aggregate of disparate body functions. Angyal (1941) remarked that there are no irrelevant properties to the component subunits of a biological organism. The feature is a definitive characteristic of systemic organizations. The idea of transformation of an aggregate of functions to a system was used by Sri Aurobindo in order to explicat...

background: leukemia is a malignant proliferative disorder of the hematopoietic cells. the important role of angiogenesis in leukemia has been reported by several studies. matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are a large group of endopeptidases which degredate the extracellular matrix and play an important role in angiogenesis. objective: the present study was conducted to evaluate the patterns of ...

this review gives an overview of our recent findings and developments in research on brain mechanisms of morphine reward from studies using the place preference conditioning paradigm. intracranial place conditioning methodology has become a valuable and firmly established and very widely used tool in behavioural pharmacology and drug reward mechanisms. several studies have established that morp...

The inferior olive (IO) is considered a crucial component of the eyeblink conditioning network. The cerebellar learning hypothesis proposes that the IO provides the cerebellum with a teaching signal that is required for the acquisition and maintenance of conditioned eyeblinks. Supporting this concept, previous experiments showed that lesions or inactivation of the IO blocked CR acquisition. How...

the purpose of the present study was to determine the role of medial prefrontal cortex (mpfc) dopaminergic system in fear conditioning response considering individual differences. animals were initially counterbalanced and classified based on open field test, and then were given a single infusion of the dopamine agonist, amphetamine (amph) and antagonist, clozapine (clz) into the medial prefron...