We review the confinement scenario in Coulomb gauge. We show that when thin center vortex configurations are gauge transformed to Coulomb gauge, they lie on the common boundary of the fundamental modular region and the Gribov region. This unifies elements of the Gribov confinement scenario in Coulomb gauge and the center-vortex confinement scenario. We report on recent numerical studies which s...

This is the short review of Monte-Carlo studies of quark confinement in lattice QCD. After abelian projections both in the maximally abelian and Polyakov gauges, it is seen that the monopole part alone is responsible for confinement. A block spin transformation on the dual lattice suggests that lattice SU(2) QCD is always ( for all β) in the monopole condensed phase and so in the confinement ph...

a saddle point variational (spv ) method was applied to the dirac equation as an example of a fully relativistic equation with both negative and positive energy solutions. the effect of the negative energy states was mitigated by maximizing the energy with respect to a relevant parameter while at the same time minimizing it with respect to another parameter in the wave function. the cornell pot...

The concept of Lorentz scalar quark confinement has a long history and is still widely used despite its well-known theoretical faults. We point out here that the predictions of scalar confinement also conflict directly with experiment. We investigate the dependence of heavy-light meson mass differences on the mass of the light quark. In particular, we examine the strange and non-strange D meson...

We propose to use the different kinds of vacua of the gauge theories coupled to matter as a laboratory to test confinement ideas of pure Yang-Mills theories. In particular, the very poor overlap of the Wilson loop with the broken string states supports the 't Hooft and Mandelstam confinement criteria. However in the Z2 gauge-Higgs model we use as a guide we find that the condensation of monopol...

The effect of confinement on the bosonic vacuum under the action of an applied magnetic field is computed using Schwinger's formalism for the effective action. The final result reproduces an effective La-grangian similar to the Heisenberg-Euler one in the limit of no confinement and in the case of confinement provides the necessary corrections to this Lagrangian at each order of magnitude of th...

Ownership confinement expresses encapsulation in heap structures, in support of modular reasoning about effects, representation independence, and other properties. This paper studies heap encapsulation from the perspective of substitutability for the class construct of Java-like languages and a particular form of confinement is justified by a representation independence result. A syntax-directe...

in this paper the effects of transmittance, dispersion angle and diffusion length on the quantum efficiency of solar cells (qesc) have been simulated and investigated. optical path technic is used for simulation. the results show that base thickness, diffusion length, dispersion angle, number of optical confinement path and transmission angles have an extremely effects on the qesc. simulation r...

a comparison between design codes i.e. aci and aisc-lrfd in evaluation of flexural strength of concrete filled steel tubular columns (cfts) is examined. for this purpose an analytical study on the response of cfts under axial-flexural loading is carried using three-dimensional finite elements with elasto-plastic model for concrete with cracking and crushing capability and elastoplastic kinemati...

This article gives an overview of recent theoretical and experimental findings concerning the hydrodynamic interaction between liquid-embedded particles in various confined geometries. A simple unifying description emerges, which accounts for the various findings based on the effect of confinement on conserved fields of the embedding liquid. It shows, in particular, that the hydrodynamic intera...