2014 A brief outline is given of the processes of knock-on damage and electronic damage in electron microscopy together with estimates of the damage probabilities. Of the various remedial techniques under investigation, that of low temperature observation seems generally the most promising. Attention is drawn to some of the outstanding problems particularly concerning the nature and behaviour o...

This paper argues that the publishing of academic research by and large belongs to the public sector domain, and that the scientific knowledge stemming from the public sectors is important for innovation. In 2004 the Norwegian Association of Higher Education Institutions (UHR) introduced an incentive based system in which academic institutions receive economic compensation as a function or thei...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the mechanisms inducing a user organization to conform with enterprise resource planning (ERP)-embedded organizational logics and accompanying implementation procedures. Design/methodology/approach – Based around the notion of technical isomorphism, the authors describe and analyze how ERP-embedded mechanisms work out in a Dutch utility company....

This paper examines the impact of climate change on rich andpoor countries across theworld.Wemeasure two indices of the relative impact of climate across countries, impact per capita, and impact per GDP. These measures sum market impacts across the climate-sensitive economic sectors of each country. Both indices reveal that climate change will have serious distributional impact across countries...

In this paper, we theoretically characterize robust empirically implementable normative criteria for evaluating socially risky situations. Socially risky situations are modeled as distributions, among individuals, of lotteries on a finite set of statecontingent pecuniary consequences. Individuals are assumed to have selfish Von Neumann-Morgenstern preferences for these socially risky situations...

Government intervention often gives rise to contests in which the possible ‘prizes’ are determined by the existing status-quo and some new publicpolicy proposal . In this paper we study the general class of such two-player public-policy contests and examine the effect of a change in the proposed policy, a change that may affect the payoffs of the two contestants, on their effort and performance...

This article focuses on one type of institutional change: conversion. One innovative approach to institutional change, the ‘political-coalitional approach’, acknowledges that: institutions can have unintended effects which may privilege certain groups over others; institutions are often created and sustained through compromise with external actors; and institutions’ external context can vary si...

In this paper, we investigate whether a regulation that mandates a greater proportion of outside directors on a corporate board results in a more independent board. Instead of taking the fraction of outside directors directly as the measure of board independence, we define it as the nominal independence level. The real independence level of the board is determined by both the nominal independen...

The literature on incentive contracting suggests that the optimal performance pay contract depends on a tradeoff between productivity and agency costs. The effect of employee ability on this tradeoff is theoretically ambiguous, as the employee’s private gains (through more sophisticated gaming responses) may exceed the employer’s productive benefits. Similarly, employees’ “adverse learning” abo...

Unintended but auspicious discoveries have been credited with ground-breaking global advancements in medicine and science. At the same time, less tangible breakthroughs have aided advancements and innovation within organizations and on a much smaller scale, growth and development of individuals in personal and work lives. Yet our knowledge of serendipity primarily comes from our observation of ...