How long do constitutional systems persist and what explains their demise? This paper introduces a new set of data on the chronology and content of constitutions that facilitates a test of expectations about constitutional mortality and its associated risk factors. We develop a theory of constitutional longevity, in which executive ambition poses a principal threat to the constitutional order. ...

Buchanan and Tullock’s original trade-off model of constitutional design is used to analyze how constitutional design affects post-constitutional rent seeking, and, in turn, how the anticipation of postconstitution rent seeking should lead to modification of constitutional design—specifically with respect to imposing and maintaining effective (composite) supermajority decision rules. JEL classi...

The American feminist movement has twice mobilized for constitutional change. The constitutional amendment secured by the firstwave feminist movement is no longer of consequence, while the constitutional amendment sought by the second-wave feminist movement was never ratified. Yet today, courts and commentators agree that the Constitution guarantees women equality, even if that guarantee was ne...

in the urban history of iran, “mashroote” era (the constitutional revolution) is considered as a turning point. in this period, the government had an organized and purposeful interference in the urban development of the country. another organized interference of the government, happened in 1960s. the effects of these movements were very significant in the growth of urban patterns and in the urb...

The question of what constitutional constraints should apply to government efforts to regulate scientific speech is frequently contrasted to the question of what constitutional constraints should apply to government efforts to regulate scientific research. This comment argues that neither question is well formulated for constitutional analysis, which should instead turn on the relationship to c...

INTRODUCTION The association between short stature and increased risk of ischemic heart disease has been subject to studies for decades. The recent discussion of cardiovascular risk during growth hormone therapy has given new importance to this question. We have hypothesized that the autonomic system is a crucial element relating to this subject. METHODS Heart rate variability calculated from...

Background Multicentric Castleman Disease (MCD) is an idiopathic lymphoproliferative disorder, exceptionally reported in children, probably due to an increase of interleukin 6 secretion. MCD is characterized by systemic lymphadenopathy and constitutional inflammatory symptoms including severe growth retardation. Previous studies in adult showed that anti-interleukin 6 receptor antibody alleviat...

OBJECTIVE To determine the causes of short stature in children with special emphasis on growth hormone deficiency. STUDY DESIGN Case series. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Department of Paediatrics, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi and Combined Military Hospital, Multan from September 2004 to January 2007. METHODOLOGY Two hundred and fourteen children (140 boys and 74 girls), ranging from 02 to...

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 304 I. COMMUNICATION AND CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION .............. 309 A. Basic Constitutional Communication .......................................... 311 1. Framers and Judges ............................................................... 312 2. Text......... .........................