The objective was to assess the challenges and opportunities of contract farming smallholder tobacco farmers in ward 27, Shamva District, Zimbabwe. Data on demographics, household endowments economic social achievements from production collected using questionnaires interviews. A systematic sampling technique used selecting farmers. analysed SPSS version 26. results show that 93.9% participants...

Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy. Barley, including food and malt barley, one major cereals produced by smallholder farmers. Though barley fastest-growing industry, demand outpacing supply. As a result, Ethiopia net importer raw barley. Recently, contract farming was implemented to address this issue in barley-potential areas. It has been strategies utilized enhance commercializ...

Abstract This paper reviews the Roman tax collection system since Late Republic to Principality, focusing on transition from tax-farming a more centralized, census-based administration. We attempt justify this according New Institutional Economic theories (Transaction Cost Economics and Property Rights Theory). The argues that, during Republic, auction-based of farming ended up giving place opp...