Contrastive loss has significantly improved performance in supervised classification tasks by using a multi-viewed framework that leverages augmentation and label information. The enables contrast with another view of single image but enlarges training time memory usage. To exploit the strength multi-views while avoiding high computation cost, we introduce multi-exit architecture outputs multip...

Several authors within psychology, neuroscience and philosophy take for granted that standard empirical research techniques are applicable when studying consciousness. In this article, it is discussed whether one of the key methods in cognitive neuroscience – the contrastive analysis – suffers from any serious confounding when applied to the field of consciousness studies; that is to say, if th...

1 PROLOGUE What is the meaning of contrastive accents in dialogue? To answer this question, a number of hurdles have to be taken. To begin with, there is still no consensus in the prosodic literature whether a separately identifiable contrastive intonation exists in the first place. So, before we can even begin to answer the initial question, we have to try and answer a different question: do d...

In this paper, we discuss the interplay of factors that influence the intonational marking of contrast in Dutch. In particular, we examine how prominence is expressed at the prosodic level when semantically abnormal information conflicts with contrastive information. For this purpose, we conducted a production experiment in Dutch in which speakers described scenes containing fruits with unnatur...

This fMRI study deals with the perception of prosodic contrastive focus in French. Twenty-two right-handed French participants listened to two kinds of utterances: with contrastive prosodic focus (Focus) and without (Neutral). The task was to judge whether the utterances contained focus. The Focus vs. Neutral contrast revealed bilateral activation of the inferior frontal, superior and middle te...

Introduction. This study examines information structure and intonation in the Andean Spanish spoken by Quechua-Spanish bilinguals in the department of Cusco, Peru. Spanish and Quechua are typologically different languages that use different strategies to convey focus. In Spanish, focus is encoded syntactically (through word order) and intonationally. Several studies on Spanish have reported int...

This paper reports a difference in English between the prosodic properties of contrastive FOCUS and presentational focus entities when they are immediately followed within the sentence by a presentational focus. In this context, the contrastive FOCUS shows not only a L+H* pitch accent, but also a following phonological phrase break, marked by both a Lphrase accent and temporal disjuncture. In t...

Does contrastive access help preschoolers succeed on traditional false-belief tasks? Threeand four-year-olds were presented with a modified version of the change-of-location story in which two characters are the focus of interest. In the contrastive access condition preschoolers’ observe that one character leaves the room while the other stays and witnesses the moving event; in the non-contrast...

New evidence is provided for a grammatical principle that singles out contrastive focus (Rooth 1996; Truckenbrodt 1995) and distinguishes it from discourse-new “informational” focus. Since the prosody of discourse-given constituents may also be distinguished from discourse-new, a three-way distinction in representation is motivated. It is assumed that an F-feature marks just contrastive focus (...

I will show that phonologists have vacillated between two different and incompatible approaches to determining whether a feature is contrastive in any particular phoneme. One approach involves extracting contrastive features from fully-specified minimal pairs. I will show that this approach is provably untenable. A second approach arrives at contrastive specifications by ordering features into ...